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Please make paper 1 and a half to 2 pages not including title or reference page.This week you will complete the discussion or main body portion of your paper by addressing details of the problem, how it affects your identified population, and prognosis if left unchecked (personally, financially, and community-wise).
HINT: Review of the Unit 4 PowerPoint presentation will be helpful for this Assignment.
I have included 4 attachments which is all the work I have compleated so far for this project including the power point that I have done
1
Kimberly Crawford
Kaplan University
HS310:
August 27, 2013
Small Cell Lung Cancer
Small cell Lung cancer (SCLC) is a deadly disease directly linked to tobacco smoking. 15-18% of lung cancers are as a result of small cell lung cancer although the incidence of this type of cancer has gone down in the recent years. It develops in the lungs and spreads very fast to other parts of the body. It may be treated by chemotherapy, a combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy and less frequently by surgery (Sørensen et al,Pp. v120-v125). This research paper discusses the fact that small cell lung cancer is not curable but it is treatable.
As it is common in all cancers, small cell cancer is incurable in the basic sense that it cannot cure and hence remains in the part of the body where it develops or spreads to other parts of the body. The paper will dig deep into the nature, extent, duration and possible types of the damage caused by tobacco smoking on the lungs that makes it incurable. The meaning, types and duration of treatment are important aspects which will need to be focused on in this research. Several questions will need to be answered such as: Which mode of treatment is effective for the different categories of small cell lung cancer? Why do more than one type of treatment of SCLC? Which drugs are available for chemotherapy treatment? Which gender is more affected and how do they respond to treatment? What is the economic impact of treatment of SCLC to both individuals and the state of origin? Finally, the paper will draw conclusion on the best method of treatment and give recommendations on how it should be controlled (Ochi et al, 20-40).
References
Ochi, Nobuaki, Katsuyuki Kiura , Mitsune Tanimoto, Masahiro Tabata, Akiko Hisamoto, Eiki Ichihara, Yoshiro Fujiwara, Isao Oze, Nagio Takigawa, and Katsuyuki Hotta mail. “Treatment-Related Death in Patients with Small-Cell Lung Cancer in Phase III Trials over the Last Two Decades .” PLoS ONE 1 (2013): 20-40. Print.
Sørensen, M., E. Felip, and M. Pijls-Johannesma. “Small-cell lung cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up.” Annals of Oncology 21.Issue suppl 5 (2010): Pp. v120-v125. Print.
Small cell Lung cancer
Kimberly Crawford
Kaplan University
HS310:
September 6, 2013
Small cell Lung cancer (SCLC) is a deadly disease directly linked to tobacco smoking. 15-18% of lung cancers are as a result of small cell lung cancer although the incidence of this type of cancer has gone down in the recent years. It develops in the lungs and spreads very fast to other parts of the body. It may be treated by chemotherapy, a combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy and less frequently by surgery (Sørensen et al,Pp. v120-v125). As it is common in all cancers, small cell cancer is incurable in the basic sense that it cannot cure and hence remains in the part of the body where it develops or spreads to other parts of the body.
Most cases of small cell lung cancer are due to smoking, although other causes such as exposure to radon, Inhaled chemicals or minerals such as arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, silica, vinyl chloride, nickel compounds, chromium compounds, coal products, mustard gas, and chloromethyl ethers asbestos can contribute as well (Ochi et al, 20-40). Comment by Charles Daniel: Include all the names for the first citation and then use et al. (note the period after al.) for subsequent citations.
References
Ochi, Nobuaki, Katsuyuki Kiura , Mitsune Tanimoto, Masahiro Tabata, Akiko Hisamoto, Eiki Ichihara, Yoshiro Fujiwara, Isao Oze, Nagio Takigawa, and Katsuyuki Hotta mail. “Treatment-Related Death in Patients with Small-Cell Lung Cancer in Phase III Trials over the Last Two Decades .” PLoS ONE 1 (2013): 20-40. Print.
Sørensen, M., E. Felip, and M. Pijls-Johannesma. “Small-cell lung cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up.” Annals of Oncology 21.Issue suppl 5 (2010): Pp. v120-v125. Print.
Inappropriate
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Submission does not relate to the topic.
Answers some question/topics, and most opinions and ideas are stated clearly.
Answers all questions, and opinions and ideas are stated clearly.
Answers all questions with opinions and ideas creatively and clearly using text and outside references.
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Resources
Does not cite references and/or does not include required number of resources.
Cites source material but may not be accurately referenced. Does not include the required number of resources.
Source material cited with rare errors. All sources referenced accurately. Contains the required amount of resources.
Source material cited without errors. All sources are referenced accurately. Exceeds the required number of resources.
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Minor errors with APA format.
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Uses Standard American English with rare errors and misspellings.
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3.90
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97.50%
Small cell lung cancer is named based on the size of the cells that cause the cancer. It accounts for about 20% of lung cancer cases.
It also referred to as oat cell carcinoma or oat cell cancer.
This type of cancer mostly starts developing at the bronchi near the chest center.
It spreads quickly to other parts of the body even before its diagnosed.
This type of lung cancer also grows very rapidly.
The major cause of this cancer is smoking of tobacco.
Other people than are more prone to this SCLC are the people exposed to radon and asbestos gas.
Small Cell Lung Cancer
Population/Community affected
SCLC is mostly diagnosed in people over the age of 65years with a percentage of 50%, and 30% for people over the age of 30%.
The young people who are affected by this disease tolerate the treatment much better than the elderly people.
This is because of the reductions in organ function and comorbidities with age progression.
In America some statistics show that Lung cancer incidence rates among men have decreased by 29 percent since 1980 whereas increasing by sixty percent in women.
SCLC is a very dangerous disease which is not curable but can be treated.
It’s the leading cause of death cancer for men
Statistics shows that in 1987 it surpassed breast cancer to become the leading cause of cancer deaths among women as well.
Patients suffer from persistent cough, coughing blood, recurring pneumonia, shortness of breath and other.
Effects of disease or health concern (HOW)
Most lung cancers are not identified until later stages.
Prognosis or chances of recovery of SCLC if not addressed are very minute or nearly zero rate.
Prognosis for other patients depends on the stage of cancer development and also the treatment being used either chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
This is because if the disease is diagnosed in its early stages it can be treated before spreading the cells to other parts of the body like brain or liver.
Prognosis if not addressed
The main treatment of small cell lung cancer is chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The SCLC responds well to chemotherapy and radiation therapy treatment.
Other treatment that have been introduced is Sabarubicin which might improve the long-term outcome though not confirmed.
A solution to the problem
Lung Cancer (2011).State of Lung Disease in Diverse Communities. Retrieved from http://www.lung.org/assets/documents/publications/ solddc-chapters/lc
Reference
Kimberly Crawford
Kaplan University
HS310
September 16, 2013
Small cell Lung cancer
Running Head: SMALL-CELL LUNG CANCER
SMALL-CELL LUNG CANCER 4
Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Kimberly Crawford
Kaplan University
September 24, 2013
Small-Cell Lung Cancer
The literature review will examine small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) also referred to as oat cell carcinoma, which is a deadly disease that connected to tobacco smoking. It has been established that small lung cancer causes 10-18 percent of all the cancer cases. The cancer starts in the lungs and moves to the rest body very fast. The literature will emphasize the fact that the disease is not curable; nonetheless if correct treatment method is administered during the early stages of the disease the disease will be treated. Therefore, the literature review will examine the causes and methods used to treat the disease (Sørensen et al, 2010).
Sørensen et al (2010) argue that SCLC is more prevalent in men than in women, and in most instances the common form of SCLC to have symptoms called paraneoplatic syndrome-which is symptoms as a result of hormones secreted by a tumor or through body immune system of the body as a form of response to a tumor. Symptoms of this kind of cancer include coughing up blood, persistent cough, shortness of breath, swelling of the neck and face, wheezing and repeated episodes of bronchitis or pneumonia (Sørensen et al, 2010).
According to Capizzello et al (2011), SCLC develops rapidly; however, it responds well to chemotherapy because it tends to become more resistant to any treatment as it progresses. It starts in the large bronchi and spreads to the brain. Small-cell lung cancer gets its name because observed under a microscope is mostly filled with nucleus. The disease is divided into two categories namely extensive and limited. It has been confirmed that 60 to 70 percent of the people already suffers from extensive stage SCLC at the period when one is diagnosed. Of all the cancer, SCLC is the most aggressive type of lung cancer. Ismaili (2011) says that since this type of cancer normally metastasizes broadly very early on in the natural history of the tumor, and since almost all cases of the disease respond intensely to radiotherapy and /or ‘complete response , there have been no significant role of surgery of the disease since 1970s. However, in the recent research it has been established that surgical excision can be used to improve survival when administered at the early stages of the disease before chemotherapy (Capizzello et al, 2011).
Argiris and Murren (2001) say that since SCLC spreads very fast through the body, treatment must comprise cancer-killing drugs, which chemotherapy is taken orally or vaccinated into the body. In many cases, the chemotherapy drug etoposide sometimes called irinotecan is integrated with either carboplatin or cisplatin. Therefore, combination of radiation and chemotherapy treatment is administered to individuals with the disease, which has spread to the rest of the body. Nevertheless, this form of treatment only assists to relieve the symptoms but is not curable (Argiris and Murren, 2001).
According to Shepherd (2010), radiation therapy applies prevailing x-rays or other forms of radiation that kill cancer cells. This means that radiation may be used together with bchemotherapy if surgery proves to be ineffective. In most instances, small-cell lung cancer might have move to the brain and in cases where there is no indications of the disease in the brain. Thus, some patients having the disease, or who had good response in the first diagnosis might get radiation therapy in the brain. This method of treatment is referred to as prophylactic cranial radiation (PCI). It has established that surgical operation assists very few patients with the disease because the cancer has spread at the period of diagnosis. Surgery will be effective only when the tumor has not spread and if surgery should be performed, then radiation therapy or chemotherapy must be administered. The overall survival rate of people with SCLC is, despondently, only approximately 6 percent (Shepherd, 2010).
References
Argiris A and Murren JR .(2001). Staging and clinical prognostic factors for small-cell lung cancer. Cancer J 7 (5): 437–47.
Capizzello A, Peponi E, Simou N. (2011). Pure small cell carcinoma of the prostate: a case report and literature review. Case Rep Oncol 4 (1): 88–95. doi:10.1159/000324717.
Giaccone, G. (2012). Systemic treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ismaili N (2011). A rare bladder cancer – small cell carcinoma: review and update. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 6 (75).
Shepherd F.A. (2010). Surgery for limited stage small cell lung cancer: time to fish or cut bait. J Thorac Oncol 5 (2): 147–9.
Sørensen, M., E. Felip, and M. Pijls-Johannesma. (2010). Small-cell lung cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Annals of Oncology 21.Issue suppl 5: Pp. v120-v125. Print.
