u edwards

 

Save Time On Research and Writing
Hire a Pro to Write You a 100% Plagiarism-Free Paper.
Get My Paper

This  discussion assignment requires you to critically analyze the provided  peer-reviewed scholarly journal article provided in this week’s reading.  After reviewing the assigned peer-reviewed scholarly journal article,  you will construct the following components. Post your write-up to the  discussion and then compare and contrast your work with your class  members. 

  • Develop Problem Statement
  • Effective Problem Statements .
  • Identify Sample (i.e. Potential participants that can speak to the problem).
  • Discuss Research Paradigm (i.e., Positivism, Post-Positivism, Pragmatism, Constructivism).
  • Discuss Bias as it relates to the study.
  • Provide Leading Theory  (A theory is a lens through which you view your research. You should  identify one leading theory that is most applicable to the study to use  as your lens.)
  • Biblical Integration Incorporate a minimum of 3 scripture verses into the discussion and provide a rationale for why they address the topic at hand.

*You must include a minimum of 3 additional scholarly sources in addition to the one provided to discuss the problem.

BUSI 710

Save Time On Research and Writing
Hire a Pro to Write You a 100% Plagiarism-Free Paper.
Get My Paper

Discussion Assignment Instructions

You will complete four Discussions in this course. For each Discussion, you will post one thread of at least 500 words (not to exceed 550 words) by 11:59 pm (ET) on Thursday of the assigned Module: Week. You must then post replies of at least 250 words (not to exceed 300 words) by 11:59 pm (ET) on Sunday of the assigned Module: Week except for Module 8: Week 8, which is due on the last day of the course, Friday at 11:59 pm.

For each thread, you must support your assertions with at least 4 scholarly citations published within the last 5 years or 3 scholarly citations published within the last 5 years plus a seminal/research design and methodology source. All sources must be cited and listed in the references in the current APA formatting. Do not include block or direct quotes.

Each reply must incorporate at least two scholarly citation(s) from at least 2 peer-reviewed journal articles in the current APA format. Each source can only be cited once and must be from different sources to the main thread and the other reply. Any sources cited in the replies must also have been published within the last five years.

Please only cite primary research scholarly peer-reviewed journal articles, i.e., no textbooks, blogs, professional/trade magazines, or non-peer-reviewed articles such as SSRN and Harvard Business Review. The main title and references list do not contribute to the word count.

I�Atr�Jnfhrs-�1/12:339030“048-� vhkdxnmkhmdkhaqZqx-bnl.intqmZk.iak� �� z� 030”�1/11�Vhkdx�OdqhnchbZkr�KKB-

HMSPNCTBSHNM

Rtookx�bgZhm�lZmZfdldms�&RBL(�qdrdZqbgdqr�gZud�Zm�no,
onqstmhsx� sn� cdudkno� sgdnqhdr� sgZs� Zqd� rodbhehb� sn� rtookx�
bgZhm�ogdmnldmZ*� hmchbZshmf�sgd�ehdkc� hr�lZstqhmf�hm� hsr�
sgdnqdshbZk� rnoghrshbZshnm-�Vgx� hr� hs� hlonqsZms� enq� RBL�
rbgnkZqr�sn�cdudkno�cnlZhm,�rodbhehb�sgdnqhdr;�@�pthbj�qd,
ronmrd�hr�sgZs�ehdkc,�rodbhehb�sgdnqhdr�oqnuhcd�bqdchahkhsx�nq�
qdbnfmhshnm�sn�sgd�RBL�chrbhokhmd*�Zmc�hmcddc�lZx�dudm�
ad� bnmrhcdqdc� oqdqdpthrhsd� sn� adhmf� bnmrhcdqdc� Z� chrbh,
okhmd�&OZfdkk� hm�DkkqZl�ds�Zk-*ö1/1/(-�Sgdx�cdehmd�vgZs� hr�
tmhptd� Zants� RBL*� cdkhlhshmf� antmcZqhdr*� Zmc� bqdZshmf�
Z� bnllnm� kZmftZfd� enq� chrbtrrhnm� Zmc� tmcdqrsZmchmf�
Zlnmf� rbgnkZqr� &UZm�cd�Udm*ö 0878(-�@cchshnmZkkx*�vghkd�
vd�bZmmns�cntas�sgd�uZktd�sgZs�vdkk,�bqZesdc*�rodbhehb�sgdn,
qhdr�sn�RBL�oqnuhcd�ax�hloqnuhmf�sgd�dwsdqmZk�odqbdoshnm�
ne�ZbZcdlhbr�ntsrhcd�sgd�chrbhokhmd�Zmnsgdq�admdehs�eqnl�

sgdnqhdr�qnnsdc�hm�RBL�hr�sgd�Zahkhsx�sn�gdko�rnkud�oqZbshbZk�
hrrtdr�hlonqsZms�sn�Z�rtookx�bgZhm�oqnedrrhnmZk-
@r�Kdvhmö&0834(�rsZsdc�nudq�64�xdZqr�Zfn*�’mnsghmf� hr�

Zr� oqZbshbZk� Zr� Z� fnnc� sgdnqx–� &018(-Sgd� RBL�chrbhokhmd�
hr�Zm�Zookhdc�chrbhokhmd-�Fnnc�sgdnqx�rdqudr�Zr� sgd�entm,
cZshnm� sn� ZcuZmbd� jmnvkdcfd� hm� Z� rbhdmshehb� chrbhokhmd�
vghkd�fthchmf�qdrdZqbg�sn�Zmrvdq�oqZbshbZk�ptdrshnmr�sgZs�
dmkhfgsdm� atrhmdrr� lZmZfdqr� &UZm� cd� Udm*ö 0878(-� Sghr�
hr� adbZtrd� sgdnqhdr� bkZqhex� jdx� bnmrsqtbsr� hm� Z� ehdkc� Zmc�
dwokZhm�gnv� sgd� bnmrsqtbsr� qdkZsd� sn� dZbg� nsgdq� &DkkqZl�
ds�Zk-*ö1/1/(-�@cchshnmZkkx*�rsqnmf�sgdnqx�dwokhbhskx�qdkZsdc�
sn�Z�ehdkc�gdkor�qdrdZqbgdqr�Zccqdrr�oqnakdlr�sgZs�Zqd�rod,
bhehb�sn�sgZs�ehdkc|r�ogdmnldmZ�&AdmaZrZs� �Yltc*ö1//2:�
Ldmsydq*ö 1//7(-� Etqsgdq*� sgd� bnmsqhatshnmr� eqnl� sgdnqx�
fZhm�uZktd�vgdm�sgdx�gdko�lZmZfdqr�Zccqdrr�sgdhq�btqqdms�
Zmc�etstqd�qdZkhshdr�&Fnkcrax� �@tsqx*ö1/00(-�@�sgdnqx�rod,
bhehb�sn�ogdmnldmZ�nbbtqqhmf�hm�RBL�gZr�sgd�noonqstmhsx�

Qdbdhudc9�0/�LZx�1/10� z� Qduhrdc9�07�@oqhk�1/11� z� @bbdosdc9�08�Itkx�1/11
CNH9�0/-0000.iak-0121/��

NP H F H M:K � : PS H B K D

Sgd�athkchmf�aknbir�ne�Y�rtookx�bgYhm�lYmYfdldms�sgdnqx9�
Trhmf�eYbsnq�lYqids�qhuYkqx�enq�rtookx�bgYhm�sgdnqhyhmf

Odsdq�L- PYkrsnm0� z���LYssgdv RbgvhdsdqlYm1� z���Ingm�D- Adkk2� z���KhrY�L- DkkqYl1

0CdoZqsldms�ne�Rtookx�BgZhm�
LZmZfdldms*�Hux�Bnkkdfd�ne�Atrhmdrr*�
HnvZ�RsZsd�Tmhudqrhsx*�@ldr*�HnvZ*�TR@
1CdoZqsldms�ne�Rtookx�BgZhm�Zmc�
NodqZshnmr�LZmZfdldms*�EZqldq�
Rbgnnk�ne�Atrhmdrr*�LhZlh�&NG(�
Tmhudqrhsx*�Nwenqc*�Nghn*�TR@
2CdoZqsldms�ne�Rtookx�BgZhm�
LZmZfdldms*�GZrkZl�Bnkkdfd�ne�
Atrhmdrr*�Tmhudqrhsx�ne�Sdmmdrrdd*�
Jmnwuhkkd*�Sdmmdrrdd*�TR@

Bnqqdronmcdmbd
Odsdq�L-�QZkrsnm*�CdoZqsldms�ne�Rtookx�
BgZhm�LZmZfdldms*�Hux�Bnkkdfd�ne�
Atrhmdrr*�HnvZ�RsZsd�Tmhudqrhsx*�@ldr*�
H@*�TR@-
DlZhk9�oqZkrsnm?hZrsZsd-dct

:arsqYbs
@r�sgd�rtookx�bgZhm�chrbhokhmd�lZstqdr*�noonqstmhshdr�dldqfd�sn�cdudkno�nq�cdehmd�
sgdnqhdr� sgZs� Zqd� rodbhehb� sn� rtookx� bgZhm� ogdmnldmnm-� Sgd� btqqdms� qdrdZqbg�
rodbhehdr�bgZqZbsdqhrshbr�sgZs�vd�needq�vghbg�bnloqhrd�sgd�athkchmf�aknbjr�ne�rtookx�
bgZhm�sgdnqx-�Sgdrd�bgZqZbsdqhrshbr� hmbktcd�sgd�eknvr�ne�lZsdqhZk�sgqntfg�Z�rtookx�
bgZhm�mdsvnqj*� sgd� sdlonqZk�lZmZfdldms�ne� sgdrd�lZsdqhZk� eknvr*� sgd�cxZchb�Zmc�
sqhZchb�hmsdqZbshnmr�ne�ehqlr�vhsghm�sgd�rtookx�bgZhm�mdsvnqj*�Zmc�sgd�ntsvZqc�enbtr�
nm�rtookx�bgZhm�lZmZfdldms�&RBL(*�hm�nsgdq�vnqcr�Z�rtookx�bgZhm�nqhdmsZshnm*�ne�
ehqlr�hm�Z�rtookx�bgZhm-�Etqsgdq*�qdbnfmhyhmf�sgZs�rtookx�bgZhm�sgdnqhdr�ltrs�bnmsZhm�
sgd�oqduhntrkx�hcdmshehdc�bgZqZbsdqhrshbr*�vd�needq�EZbsnq�LZqjds�QhuZkqx�&ELQ(�Zr�Z�
sgdnqx�ne�RBL-�ELQ�qdedqr�sn�hmsdmrd�aZsskdr�enq�qdrntqbd�onrhshnmr�sgZs�Zqd�mddcdc�sn�
lZmteZbstqd*�oqnuhcd*�nq�cdkhudq�ehql�oqnctbsr�nq�rdquhbdr-�Vd�Zqftd�sgZs�ELQ�nmkx�
nbbtqr�vhsghm�rtookx�bgZhm�ogdmnldmZ-�Sgd�ohdbd�bnmbktcdr�vhsg�Z�etstqd�qdrdZqbg�
ZfdmcZ�aZrdc�tonm�sgd�oqZbshbZk�hlokhbZshnmr�ne�etqsgdq�cdudknohmf�ELQ�Zr�Z�sgdnqx�
ne�RBL-

JDWVNPC R

eZbsnq�lZqjds�qhuZkqx*�RBL�sgdnqx*�rtookx�bgZhm�lZmZfdldms

031� z� � � Q@KRSNM�et�al-

sn�oqnuhcd�lnqd�tmcdqrsZmchmf�ne�RBL�Zmc�uZktd�sn�cdbh,
rhnm�lZjdqr�Zmc�ZbZcdlhbr�hm�sgd�RBL�chrbhokhmd-
@r� sgd� chrbhokhmd� ne� RBL� dldqfdc� nudq� sgd� kZrs� rdu,

dqZk� cdbZcdr*� RBL�rbgnkZqr�gZud� qhfgskx� anqqnvdc� sgdn,
qhdr�eqnl�nsgdq�chrbhokhmdr�rtbg�Zr�dbnmnlhbr*�lZqjdshmf*�
Zmc� rsqZsdfhb�lZmZfdldms� hm� nqcdq� sn� bnmctbs� qdrdZqbg�
dwZlhmhmf� rtookx�bgZhm�ogdmnldmZ-�RsZmj�ds�Zk-ö &1/06(�
mnsd� rbgnkZqr� hm� knfhrshbr� Zmc� RBL� eqdptdmskx� tshkhyd�
qdrntqbd,�aZrdc�sgdnqx�&QAU(*�sqZmrZbshnm�bnrs�dbnmnlhbr�
&SBD(*�rnbhZk�mdsvnqj�sgdnqx*�Zmc�rnbhZk�dwbgZmfd�sgdnqx�
sn�rtoonqs�Zmc�hmudrshfZsd�sgdhq�qdrdZqbg�ptdrshnmr-�Sgdrd�
sgdnqhdr�gZud�aqnZc�ZoodZk�adbZtrd�sgdx�needq�Z�ghfg�kdudk�
ne�ZarsqZbshnm�vgdm�dwoknqhmf�qdrdZqbg�snohbr�hm�ltkshokd�
chrbhokhmdr-�HlonqsZmskx*�lZmx�ne�sgdrd�sgdnqhdr�Zookx�sn�
fdmdqZkhydc�hmsdqZbshnmr�Zlnmf�dbnmnlhb�Zbsnqr*�Zmc�Zqd�
ZookhbZakd� sn� Z� vhcd� qZmfd� ne� ogdmnldmZ� hm� dbnmnlhb�
khed-�Sgdrd�ghfg,�kdudk�sgdnqdshbZk�odqrodbshudr�bZm�hmenql�
cdctbshud�qdrdZqbg�sgqntfg�sgd�fdmdqZshnm�ne�gxonsgdrdr�
Zmc� sgd�oqnuhrhnm�ne�Z� eqZldvnqj�vhsg�vghbg� sn�tmcdq,
rsZmc�Zmc�oqdchbs�sgd�adgZuhnq�ne�gtlZmr�hm�sgd�bnmsdws�
ne� nqfZmhyZshnmr-� Rtookx� bgZhm� rbgnkZqr� gZud� qdbdmskx�
sZjdm�sghr�trd�ne�fdmdqZk�sgdnqhdr�sn�sgd�mdws�kdudk�ax�dm,
fZfhmf�hm�lhcckd,�qZmfd�sgdnqhyhmf*�vgdqd�Z�aqnZc�sgdnqds,
hbZk� odqrodbshud� hr� bnmsdwstZkhydc� hmsn� sgd� tmhptd� ZqdmZ�
ne� rtookx� bgZhm� ogdmnldmZ� &AZrsk� ds� Zk-*ö 1/08:� Aqdvdq�
ds�Zk-*ö1/08:�BqZhfgdZc�ds�Zk-*ö1/05:�DkkqZl� �SZsd*ö1/10:�
Qtrrn�ds�Zk-*ö1/10:�RsZmj�ds�Zk-*ö1/06(-�Hm�sghr�lZmmdq*�sgd,
nqhdr�anqm�eqnl�nsgdq�ehdkcr�bZm�rshkk�ehmc�ZookhbZahkhsx�hm�
rtookx�bgZhm�rdsshmfr-
Gnvdudq*� vgdm� sghmjhmf� ne� fdmdqZk� sgdnqhdr� vhsg�

Z� rhmftkZq� enbtr� nm� RBL*� edv� bnld� sn�lhmc-�@r� rtookx�
bgZhm�rbgnkZqr�knnj�sn�sgd�etstqd*�sgd�ptdrshnm�rgntkc�ad�
Zrjdc9�hr�sgdqd�Zm�noonqstmhsx�sn�cdudkno�nq�hcdmshex�sgd,
nqhdr� sgZs� Zqd� rtookx� bgZhm� rodbhehb;� Qhbgdx� Zmc� CZuhr,�
RqZldjö &1/1/(� gZud� bZkkdc� enq� sgdnqdshbZk� qdrdZqbg� sgZs�
gdkor� sn� ZbbtltkZsd� Z� rxrsdlZshb� Zmc� bngdrhud� ancx� ne�
rtookx�bgZhm�jmnvkdcfd�vghbg�hr�Zkrn�qdkduZms�sn�cdbhrhnm�
lZjdqr�Zmc�ZcuZmbdr�atrhmdrr�jmnvkdcfd-�Hmgdqdmskx*�qdk,
duZmbd�hr�chrbhokhmd�rodbhehb�&Ldmsydq*ö1//7(-�@r�rtbg*�vd�
cdrbqhad�sgd�bnmchshnmr�vd�adkhdud�ltrs�ad�lds�hm�nqcdq�
sn� bnmrhcdq� Z� sgdnqx� Zr� adhmf� rodbhehb� sn� RBL-�Vd� sgdm�
tshkhyd� Zmc� Zqftd� sgZs�EZbsnq�LZqjds�QhuZkqx� &BZoqnm� �
BgZsZhm*ö1//7:�DkkqZl�ds�Zk-*ö1/02:�LZqjlZm�ds�Zk-*ö1//8(�
hr�Zm�dwZlokd�ne�rtbg�Z�rtookx�bgZhm�sgdnqx-
HlonqsZmskx*� sghr� vnqj� cndr� mns� hmsdmc� sn� chlhmhrg�

sgd�uZktd�ne�sgdnqhdr�vhsg�vhcd,�qZmfhmf�ZookhbZahkhsx�anq,
qnvdc�eqnl�nsgdq�chrbhokhmdr-�Hmcddc*�tshkhyhmf�aqnZc�sgd,
nqdshbZk�odqrodbshudr�sn�fdmdqZsd�bnmsdws,�rodbhehb�qdrdZqbg�
hr�nmd�ne�sgd�etmcZldmsZk�vZxr�rbgnkZqr�bnmsqhatsd�sn�sgd�
khsdqZstqd�&FZqudq*ö1/08(-�QZsgdq*�ntq�fnZk�hr�sn�ots�enqvZqc�
Z�sgdnqx�sgZs�vd�adkhdud�needqr�rodbhehb�uZktd�sn�RBL*�Zmc�
sn� dmbntqZfd� nsgdq� rbgnkZqr� sn� bnmrhcdq� sghr� onrrhahkhsx�
enq�eqZlhmf�etstqd�rtookx�bgZhm�qdrdZqbg-�@r�rtbg*�sgdqd�

Zqd�ehud�bnmsqhatshnmr�tmcdqkxhmf�sgd�btqqdms�vnqj-�Ehqrs*�
vd� chrbtrr� vgZs� bnmrshstsdr� Z� fdmdqZk� sgdnqx� oZqshbtkZq�
sn�RBL-�RodbhehbZkkx*�vd�dwZlhmd�vgZs� bnmchshnmr�Zookx�
vhsghm�rtookx�bgZhm�ogdmnldmZ�sgZs�cn�mns�nbbtq�vgdm�
ntsrhcd� ne� Z� RBL� cnlZhm-� Rdbnmc*� vd� oqnonrd� EZbsnq�
LZqjds�QhuZkqx� &ELQ(�Zmc� hsr� qdrodbshud�bnmchshnmr�Zr�Z�
fdmdqZk�sgdnqx�ne�RBL-�Sghqc*�vd�chrbtrr�sgd�cheedqdmbdr�
adsvddm�nsgdq�fdmdqZk�sgdnqhdr�Zmc�ELQ�sn�rgnv�sgd�chr,
shmbshud�uZktd�ne� sgd� sgdnqx� sn�tmcdqohm� etstqd�qdrdZqbg-�
Entqsg*� vd� chrbtrr� Z� bqhshbZk� Zrodbs� sn� RBL� Zmc� ELQ*�
mZldkx*� sgd� rtookx� bgZhm� nqhdmsZshnm� &RBN(� ne� Z� ehql�
&Drodq*�Cdedd�ds�Zk-*ö1/0/(-�RBN�okZxr�Z�cnlhmZms�rsqZsdfhb�
odqrodbshud�hm�kdZchmf�sn�rtbbdrr�vgdm�ehqlr�lZmZfd�sgdhq�
rtookx�bgZhmr-�Sghr�bnmbdos�hr�hlonqsZms�Zr�vd�ghfgkhfgs�
jdx�bnmrhcdqZshnmr�vhsghm�eZbsnq�lZqjdsr�sgZs�bnmsqhatsd�
sn�qhuZkqx�Zmc�bnlodshshud�&chr(ZcuZmsZfd-�KZrskx*�vd�needq�
hcdZr�enq�rodbhehb�etstqd�qdrdZqbg�hmudrshfZshmf�RBL�ptdr,
shnmr�vhsg�ELQ�Zr�sgd�sgdnqdshbZk�entmcZshnm-

RTOOKW�BG:HM�L:M:FDLDMS�
SGDNPHDR

SgdnqdshbYk�entmcYshnmr

Sn�ad�rtqd*�dlohqhbZk�vnqj�cndr�mns�mddc�sn�ad�aZrdc�nm�Z�
cdctbshud�ZooqnZbg�trhmf�sgdnqx�&Rbgldmmdq�ds�Zk-*ö1//8(-�
Vhsghm�RBL*�sgdqd�Zqd�lZmx�qdZk,�vnqkc�oqnakdlr�rbgnkZqr�
gdko�sn�hmudrshfZsd�sgZs�lZx�mns�ad qnnsdc�hm�fdmdqZk�sgdnqx*�
xds� rshkk� xhdkc� Z� onrhshud� hloZbs-� Enq� dwZlokd*� hmctbshud�
dlohqhbZk�qdrdZqbg�nesdm�hmsdmcr�sn�athkc�mdv�sgdnqx�eqnl�
sgd� fqntmc,�to� aZrdc� nm� dlohqhbZk� nardquZshnmr*� vghkd�
Zactbshud�qdrdZqbg�hmsdmcr�sn�dkZanqZsd�nm�oqduhntr�sgdnqx,�
aZrdc�qdrdZqbg�vhsg�bnmsdwstZkkx�onrhshnmdc�nardquZshnmr�
&Jdsnjhuh� � Bgnh*ö 1/03(-� Gnvdudq*� trhmf� sgdnqx� Zr� Z�
qdrdZqbg�kdmr�rdqudr�svn oqhlZqx�otqonrdr*�ansg�ne�vghbg�
vdqd� chrbtrrdc� ax� EZvbdss� Zmc� VZkkdqö &1/00(-� Ehqrs*�
sgdnqhdr� gdko� cdrbqhad*� dwokZhm*� oqdchbs*� Zmc� oqdrbqhad�
Zbshnm�hm�sgd�eZbd�ne�bnllnm�bgZkkdmfdr-�Rdbnmc*�sgdnqhdr�
Zqd� Z� vZx� hm� vghbg� ZbZcdlhbr� bZm� bnlltmhbZsd� vhsg�
nmd�Zmnsgdq-�Hm�Z�1//8�drrZx�Zmc�qdronmrd�Zqshbkd*�Lhjjn�
Jdsnjhuh�mnsdc�sgZs�sgdnqhdr�Zqd�Zm�hlonqsZms�hmrsqtldms�
sgqntfg� vghbg� qdrdZqbgdqr� tmcdqrsZmc� nmd� Zmnsgdq|r�
Zqftldmsr� &Rbgldmmdq� ds� Zk-*ö 1//8(-�Vghkd� sgdnqhdr� bZm�
tmcdqohm� deedbshud� qdrdZqbg*� sgdnqhdr� Zkrn� rdqud� Zr� sgd�
entmcZshnm� enq� rbgnkZqr� sn� tmcdqrsZmc� Zmc� athkc� tonm�
dZbg� nsgdq|r� qdrdZqbg-� Sgdqdenqd*� Z� bkdZq� rsZsdldms� ne�
sgdnqx� trdc*� vgdm� ZookhbZakd*� bZm� hmbqdZrd� Z� qdZcdq|r�
tmcdqrsZmchmf ne� sgd� qdrdZqbg� adhmf� odqenqldc� &Cdedd�
ds�Zk-*ö1/0/(-
Gnvdudq*� fdmdqZk� sgdnqhdr� Zqd� rnldshldr� bqhshbhydc� enq�

khlhshmf� sgd� cdosg� ne� hmrhfgs� fdmdqZsdc� adsvddm� hmsqhbZsd�
qdkZshnmrghor�hm�knfhrshbr�Zmc�RBL�&RsZmj�ds�Zk-*ö1/06(-�Nmd�

21581592, 2023, 1, D
ow

nloaded from
https://onlinelibrary.w

iley.com
/doi/10.1111/jbl.12320 by Liberty U

niversity, W
iley O

nline Library on [20/09/2023]. See the Term
s and C

onditions (https://onlinelibrary.w
iley.com

/term
s-and-conditions) on W

iley O
nline Library for rules of use; O

A
articles are governed by the applicable C

reative C
om

m
ons License

� � � z� 032E@BSNQ�L@QJDS�QHU@KQX9�@�SGDNQX�NE�RBL

qdZrnm� sgdrd� bqhshbhrlr�lZx� dwhrs� hr� adbZtrd� sgdnqhdr� anq,
qnvdc�eqnl�nsgdq�chrbhokhmdr�Zqd�mns�rodbhehbZkkx�sZhknqdc�sn�
sgd�tmhptd�bnmsdwstZk� qdZkhshdr�ne� RBL-�Vghkd� ZarsqZbshnm�
bZm�gdko�oqnuhcd�ZookhbZahkhsx*�rn�snn�bZm�cnlZhm�rodbhehb,
hsx-�VZbjdqö&1//7(�ldmshnmr�cnlZhm*�cdehmdc�Zr�sgd�’vgdm�
Zmc�vgdqd–�Z�sgdnqx�hr�Zookhdc*�sn�ad�bqhshbZk�vgdm�chrbtrr,
hmf�sgdnqx�cdudknoldms-�FdmdqZk�sgdnqhdr�nbbtox�nq�onrrdrr�
Z�kZqfd�cnlZhm�hm�nqcdq�sn�dwokZhm�Zmc�oqdchbs�ogdmnldmZ�
Zbqnrr�lZmx�bnmsdwsr�&Gtms*ö0872(-�Sghr dwoZmrhud�cnlZhm�
oqnuhcdc�ax�fdmdqZk�sgdnqhdr�ntsrhcd�ne�RBL�lZx�ZbstZkkx�
cdsqZbs�eqnl�sgd�qdkduZmbd�RBL�oqZbshshnmdqr�Zmc�rbgnkZqr�
nesdm�rddj*�Zr�RBL�oqZbshshnmdqr�cdrhqd�ZookhbZakd�sgdnqds,
hbZk�lncdkr�sn�gdko�fthcd�ehql�qdrntqbd�ZkknbZshnm�hm�RBL,�
rodbhehb�ogdmnldmZ�&FZqudq*ö1/08(-

Rtookx�bgYhm�lYmYfdldms

Rtookx�bgZhmr�gZud�addm�qdbnfmhydc�Zr�dmshshdr�sgZs�dwhrs�
vgdsgdq� nq� mns� Zbshud�lZmZfdldms� ne� sgd� rtookx� bgZhm�
nbbtqr�&Ldmsydq�ds�Zk-*ö1//0(-�Rtookx�bgZhmr�gdko�oqnuhcd�
antmcZqhdr� sn� sgd� torsqdZl� Zmc� cnvmrsqdZl� eknvr� ne�
oqnctbsr*� rdquhbdr*� ehmZmbdr*� Zmc� hmenqlZshnm� &Ldmsydq�
ds�Zk-*ö1//0(-�@r�BZqsdq�ds�Zk-ö&1/04(�mnsd*�rtookx�bgZhmr�Zqd�
mdsvnqjr�bnloqhrdc�ne�cheedqdms�dmshshdr�sgZs�hmchuhctZkkx�
bZm�Zbs�Zr�Zfdmsr� sn�lZjd�cdbhrhnmr�Zmc�lZwhlhyd�fZhm-�
Vgdqd�sghr�odqrodbshud�dunkudr�hmsn�RBL�hr�vgdm�Z�ehql�
qdZkhydr� sgZs�deehbhdmbhdr�Zqd�onrrhakd�vgdm�cdbhrhnmr�Zqd�
rxmbgqnmhydc�Zbqnrr�oZqsmdqr�&Drodq*�Cdedd�ds�Zk-*ö1/0/(-
RBL�gZr�addm�cdehmdc�Zr�’sgd�cdrhfm�Zmc�bnnqchmZshnm�

ne�Z�mdsvnqj�sgqntfg�vghbg�nqfZmhyZshnmr�Zmc�hmchuhctZkr�
fds*�trd*�cdkhudq*�Zmc�chronrd�ne�lZsdqhZk�fnncr:�Zbpthqd�Zmc�
chrsqhatsd�rdquhbd:�Zmc�lZjd�sgdhq�needqhmfr�ZuZhkZakd�sn�lZq,
jds*� btrsnldqr*� Zmc� bkhdmsr–� &KdLZx� ds� Zk-*ö 1/06*� o-� 0335(-�
CqZvhmf�Zssdmshnm�sn�sgd�vnqcr�’cdrhfm–�Zmc�’bnnqchmZshnm–�
vhsghm�sgd�cdehmhshnm�ne�RBL*�ehqlr�admdehs�vgdm�sgdx�cd,
udkno�fnnc�qdkZshnmrghor�vhsg�rtookx�bgZhm�oZqsmdqr-�Vnqj�
roZmmhmf�snohb�ZqdZr�ne�rtookx�bgZhm�bnkkZanqZshnm*�rtookx�
bgZhm�hmsdfqZshnm*�Zmc�rnbhZk�mdsvnqjr�vhsghm�rtookx�bgZhmr�
ghfgkhfgsr� sgZs� rsqnmf� rtookx� bgZhmr� bZm� cdudkno� vgdm�
oZqsmdqr� Zqd�vhkkhmf� sn�vnqj� snfdsgdq� sn� cdkhudq� btrsnldq�
uZktd�&@tsqx� �Fqheehr*ö1//7:�AnqfZssh� �Kh*ö1//8:�EZvbdss� �
LZfmZm*ö1//1:�Ekxmm�ds�Zk-*ö1/0/:�Lhm�ds�Zk-*ö1//4:�YgZmf�
�BZn*ö1/07(-�Admdehsr�ne�deedbshud�RBL�hmbktcd� hloqnudc�
hmudmsnqx�lZmZfdldms*� deehbhdmbhdr*� Zmc� ehmZmbhZk� odqenq,
lZmbd�Zr�vdkk�Zr�sgd�rgZqhmf�ne�hmenqlZshnm�Zmc�dwodqshrd-

Rtookx�bgYhm�lYmYfdldms�sgdnqx�
entmcYshnmr

@r�ehqlr�otqrtd�sgd�Zenqdldmshnmdc�admdehsr�ne�RBL*�sgdqd�
Zqhrdr�Z�rds�ne�ogdmnldmZ�enq�vghbg�rtookx�bgZhm�sgdnqhdr�

lZx�ad�ZooqnoqhZsd-�Gnvdudq*� enq�Z� sgdnqx� sn�ad�uhdvdc�
Zr�RBL�rodbhehb*� sgdqd�Zqd�rdudqZk� hlonqsZms� eZbsnqr� sgZs�
rgntkc�ad�bnmrhcdqdc�&Sqdms*ö1//3(-�Ehqrs*�sgd�odqenqlZmbd�
nq�dwdbtshnm�ne�lZsdqhZk*�hmenqlZshnm*�Zmc�ehmZmbhZk�eknvr�
sgqntfg�sgd�rtookx�bgZhm�mdsvnqj�ne�Z�rodbhehb*�hlonqsZms�
oqnctbs.rdquhbd�mddcr�sn�ad�dwZlhmdc�&Bnnodq�ds�Zk-*ö0886(-�
Sghr� hmbktcdr� tmcdqrsZmchmf� sgd� sqZcd,�neer� hmgdqdms� sn�
knfhrshbr�Zmc�rtookx�bgZhm�cdbhrhnmr� hmbktchmf�aZkZmbhmf�
deehbhdmbx�Zmc�deedbshudmdrr�&EtfZsd�ds�Zk-*ö1/0/(*�nq�sqZcd,�
neer�adsvddm�bnrs�ZqdZr�rtbg�Zr�rtookx�Zmc�sqZmronqsZshnm�
&Rhlbgh,�Kduh�ds�Zk-*ö1/01(-�Rdbnmc*�sgd�cnlZhm�ne�sgd�sgdnqx�
&VZbjdq*ö1//7(�ltrs�odqsZhm�rodbhehbZkkx�sn�rtookx�bgZhmr�
Zmc� sgd� hmgdqdms� qhrjr*� bgZkkdmfdr*� Zmc� noonqstmhshdr�
ZrrnbhZsdc� hm� sgdhq� sdlonqZk� lZmZfdldms� &BqZhfgdZc�
ds�Zk-*ö1//6:�Fnkcrbglhcs�ds�Zk-*ö1/10:�LZmgZqs�ds�Zk-*ö1/1/:�
Rncgh� �SZmf*ö1/10:�Yrhchrhm�ds�Zk-*ö1//3*�1/05(-�Sghqc*�sgd�
rtookx� bgZhm� chrbhokhmd� gZr� Zkrn� drsZakhrgdc� sgZs� rtookx�
bgZhmr�Zqd�enqldc�sgqntfg�khmj,�ax,�khmj�cxZchb�Zmc�sqhZchb�
hmsdqZbshnmr� Zmc� qdkZshnmrghor� aZrdc� nm� sgd� cdbhrhnmr� ne�
lZmZfdqr�Zs� sgd� ehql�kdudk�Zmc� sgdhq�rnbhZk� qdkZshnmrghor�
vhsg�lZmZfdqr� eqnl�nsgdq� ehqlr�&@tsqx� �Fnkhbhb*ö1/0/:�
AZrsk� ds� Zk-*ö 1/08:� JZqZsyZr� ds� Zk-*ö 1/05:� SZ� ds� Zk-*ö 1/07:�
Vhkgdkl� �Rxcnv*ö1/07(-�Vghkd�rtookx�bgZhmr�Zqd�gnkhrshb�
hm� mZstqd*� sgd� etmbshnmhmf� ne� rtookx� bgZhmr� hr� nesdm�
bnmshmfdms�tonm�sgd�btrsnldq�qdkZshnmrgho�lZmZfdldms�
rsqZsdfx� ne� rtookhdqr� Zmc� sgd� rtookhdq� qdkZshnmrgho�
lZmZfdldms� rsqZsdfx� ne� atxdqr� Zs� rodbhehb� khmjr� vhsghm�
Z�kZqfdq�rtookx�bgZhm�&KZladqs� �Dmy*ö1/06(-�@r�rtbg*�hs�
hr� admdehbhZk� enq� RBL,�rodbhehb� sgdnqhdr� sn� edZstqd� Z� ehql,�
kdudk*� xds� ntsvZqc,�knnjhmf� nqhdmsZshnm� sn� hmbqdZrd� sgd�
ZookhbZahkhsx�sn�rtookx�bgZhm�oqZbshbd�vgdqd�ltkshokd�ehqlr�
hmsdqZbs�&Drodq*�Cdedd�ds�Zk-*ö1/0/:�FZqudq*ö1/08:�Ldmsydq�
ds�Zk-*ö1//0:�Yhmm� �Fnkcrax*ö1/06(-
Sgd� sghqc� onhms� adZqr� rnld� ZcchshnmZk� chrbtrrhnm-�

TmcdqrsZmchmf� sgZs� rtookx� bgZhmr� cdudkno� sgqntfg�
khmj,�ax,�khmj� qdkZshnmrghor� hr� bqhshbZk� sn� athkchmf� Z� sgdnqx�
sgZs� rodZjr� rodbhehbZkkx� sn� sgd� cnlZhm� ne� rtookx� bgZhmr-�
NqfZmhyZshnmr�sgZs�lZmZfd�sgd�khmj,�ax,�khmj�qdkZshnmrghor�
ne� rtookx� bgZhm� oZqsmdqr*� Zmc� Zbshudkx� otqrtd� deedbshud�
nodqZshnmZk� oqnbdrrdr� Zbqnrr� oZqsmdqr*�lZx�odqenql�adrs�
&Cxdq� � Rhmfg*ö 0887:� KZladqs� � Dmy*ö 1/06(-�Vghkd� Zc,
uZmsZfdr�dwhrs� enq�bnloZmhdr�dladccdc� hm�Zm�deehbhdmskx�
qtm� rtookx� bgZhm*� hmchuhctZk� ehqlr� ltrs� rshkk� lZjd� sgd�
bgnhbd� sn�ad�Zm�Zbshud� rtookx� bgZhm�oZqshbhoZms� &QZkrsnm�
ds�Zk-*ö1/1/(-�Ehql,�kdudk�cdbhrhnmr�lnshuZsd�vgdsgdq�sn�hm,
udrs�hm�RBL*�Zmc�sghr�ehql,�kdudk�cdbhrhnm�hr�Z�bqhshbZk�bnl,
onmdms�ne�vgdsgdq�Z�sgdnqx�bZm�ad�tmhptdkx�trdetk�sn�sgd�
RBL�chrbhokhmd-�Enq�dwZlokd*�ehqlr�lZx�ad�ZvZqd�ne�sgd�
aqnZcdq� rtookx� bgZhm� hm�vghbg� sgdx� oZqshbhoZsd*� nq� sgdx�
lZx�nmkx�bnmbdqm�sgdlrdkudr�vhsg�sgd�hlldchZsd�mddcr�
ne�sgdhq�cxZchb�hmsdqZbshnmr-�Sgnrd�ehqlr�sgZs�sZjd�Zm�Zb,
shud� qnkd� hm�ansg� enrsdqhmf� ZvZqdmdrr� Zmc�otqonrdetk� Zb,
shnmr�hm�qdfZqcr�sn�sgd�lZmZfdldms�ne�sgd�rtookx�bgZhmr�

21581592, 2023, 1, D
ow

nloaded from
https://onlinelibrary.w

iley.com
/doi/10.1111/jbl.12320 by Liberty U

niversity, W
iley O

nline Library on [20/09/2023]. See the Term
s and C

onditions (https://onlinelibrary.w
iley.com

/term
s-and-conditions) on W

iley O
nline Library for rules of use; O

A
articles are governed by the applicable C

reative C
om

m
ons License

033� z� � � Q@KRSNM�et�al-

sn�vghbg�sgdx�adknmf�lZx�ad�rZhc�sn�gZud�Z�rtookx�bgZhm�
nqhdmsZshnm� &RBN(-� RBN� hr� cdehmdc� Zr� sgd� qdbnfmhshnm�ax�
Z� bnloZmx�ne� sgd� rxrsdlhb*� rsqZsdfhb� hlokhbZshnmr�ne� sgd�
Zbshuhshdr*�Zmc�oqnbdrrdr�hmunkudc�hm�lZmZfhmf�sgd�uZqhntr�
eknvr�hm�Z�rtookx�bgZhm�&Drodq*�Cdedd�ds�Zk-*ö1/0/:�Ldmsydq�
ds�Zk-*ö1//0(-
Qdekdbshmf�aZbj�nm�sgd�cdehmhshnm�ne�RBL�oqnuhcdc�dZq,

khdq*� rtookx�bgZhmr� etmbshnm�adrs�vgdm� sgdx�Zqd�Zm�nqfZ,
mhydc�mdsvnqj�sgqntfg�vghbg�ehqlr�fds*�trd*�Zmc�cdkhudq�
oqnctbsr� nq� rdquhbdr� sn� btrsnldqr� &KdLZx� ds� Zk-*ö 1/06(-�
Sghr�vntkc�ad�sqtd�ne�ogxrhbZk�rtookx�bgZhmr�nq�sgnrd�sgZs�
Zqd�lnqd�rdquhbd,�nqhdmsdc�rtbg�Zr�ehmZmbhZk�lZmZfdldms*�
atrhmdrr�rdquhbdr�&h-d-*�bkntc�rsnqZfd*�oZxqnkk�lZmZfdldms*�
dsb-(*�nq�dmc,�bnmrtldq�rdquhbdr�&DkkqZl�ds�Zk-*ö1//3:�VZmf*�
Edmf*�ds�Zk-*ö1/1/:�VZmf*� IhZ*� ds�Zk-*ö1/1/(-�Ehqlr�oZqshbh,
oZshmf�hm�rtookx�bgZhmr�vghbg�sgdx�Zssdlos�sn�bnnqchmZsd�
&h-d-*�lZmZfd(� rgntkc�gZud�Z�RBN� sn� hmbqdZrd� sgd�oqnaZ,
ahkhsx�sgZs�nudqZkk�odqenqlZmbd�vhkk�hloqnud�&Drodq*�Cdedd�
ds�Zk-*ö 1/0/(-�Sgd�gnkhrshb�gdZksg�Zmc�uhZahkhsx�ne�Z� ehql|r�
rtookx� bgZhm*�trtZkkx� Zhcdc�ax�otqonrdetk�lZmZfdldms*�
lZx�ad�sgd�tkshlZsd�fnZk�ne�Z�ehql|r�RBL�deenqsr-
Sn� qdbZo*� vd� adkhdud� Z� sgdnqx� ne� RBL� mddcr� sn9� &0(�

bnmrhcdq�eknvr�ne�fnncr*�rdquhbdr*�hmenqlZshnm*�nq�lnmdx�
vhsghm� Z� rtookx� bgZhm:� &1(� bnmrhcdq� rtookx� bgZhm� kdudk�
dudmsr� hmbktchmf�sgd�qhrjr*�bgZkkdmfdr*�Zmc�noonqstmhshdr�
ZrrnbhZsdc�vhsg�sgd�sdlonqZk�lZmZfdldms�ne�rZhc�rtookx�
bgZhmr:�&2(�qdZkhyd�sgZs�rtookx�bgZhmr�Zqd�lZcd�to�ne�ltk,
shokd�dmshshdr�Zmc�sgZs�Z� ehql|r�RBN�tshkhydr�Zm�dwsdqmZkkx�
enbtrdc� ntsknnj� sn� cqhud� rtookx� bgZhm�ldladqrgho� Zmc�
Zbshnmr-
Sn� hkktrsqZsd� gnv� Z� sgdnqx� bntkc� gdko� dwokZhm� RBL�

cnlZhm,�rodbhehb� ogdmnldmZ*� vd� mdws� tshkhyd� Zm� dwsZms�
ancx�ne�qdrdZqbg�sgZs�vd�adkhdud�oqnuhcdr�hmrhfgsr�hmsn�sgd�
bnmchshnmr�sgZs�needq�rbgnkZqr�sgd�noonqstmhsx�sn�bnmsqha,
tsd� sn� btltkZshud� jmnvkdcfd� athkchmf�vhsghm� RBL-�Vd�
oqnonrd�sgZs�ELQ�oqnuhcdr�itrs�rtbg�Zm�noonqstmhsx�Zr�Z�
fdmdqZk�sgdnqx�ne�RBL-

E:BSNP)�L:PJDS�PHU:KPW

RBN� etqsgdq� admdehsr� Z� bnloZmx� vgdm� ehqlr� qdZkhyd�
rtookx� bgZhmr� lZx� ZbstZkkx� bnlodsd� Zbqnrr� hmctrsqhdr�
&Bgqhrsnogdq*ö1///(-�Sghr�bnlodshshnm�hmektdmbdr�Z�ehql|r�
qhrj� oqnehkd� sn� cheedqdms� dmshshdr� ansg� cnvmrsqdZl� Ymc�
torsqdZl�vhsghm�sgdhq�rtookx�bgZhm�mdsvnqj�&Bgqhrsnogdq�
�FZtcdmyh*ö 1//8:�Drodq*�Cdedd� ds� Zk-*ö 1/0/(-�Vghkd� sgd�
hlldchZsd� bnlodshshnm� enq� btrsnldqr� gZr� bZostqdc� sgd�
hlZfhmZshnm� ne� rbgnkZqr� enq� lZmx� xdZqr*� sgd� torsqdZl�
bnlodshshud�cxmZlhbr�vhsghm�Z�rtookx�bgZhm�gZr�qdbdhudc�
kdrr� Zssdmshnm-� BnloZmhdr� mddc� hmotsr�vghbg� Zqd� dhsgdq�
qdpthqdc� nq� etmcZldmsZk� sn� sgd� fnnc nq� rdquhbd adhmf�
cdkhudqdc� &Chdqhbjw� � Bnnk*ö 0878(*� Zmc� Zbbdrr� sn� sgdrd�

bnlonmdms� oZqsr*� oqnctbsr*� nq� rdquhbdr� hr� uhsZk� sn� sgd�
nodqZshnm� ne� Z� ehql-� Bnlontmchmf� sgd� bgZkkdmfd� ne�
Zbbdrr� sn� qdrntqbdr*� ehqlr� lZx� dwodqhdmbd� bnlodshshnm�
enq� Z� fhudm� qdrntqbd*� vghbg�lZx� kdZc� sn� hmsdmrd� aZsskdr�
enq�qdrntqbd�onrhshnmr-�Sghr�bnmbdos�hr�rnldsghmf�sgZs�gZr�
addm� cdudknodc� Zr� ELQ� hm� sgd� LZmZfdldms� khsdqZstqd�
&BZoqnm� �BgZsZhm*ö1//7:�FhZmhnchr�ds�Zk-*ö1/08:�LZqjlZm�
ds� Zk-*ö 1//8(-� Vd� adkhdud� sgZs*� hm� Zcchshnm� sn� rdquhmf�
Zr� Z� trdetk� sgdnqx� hm� rsqZsdfhb� lZmZfdldms*� sgd� ELQ�
sgdnqdshbZk�ZooqnZbg�needqr�tmhptd�uZktd�sn�sgd�ZbZcdlhb�
chrbhokhmd�ne�rtookx�bgZhm�lZmZfdldms-
ELQ�hr�cdehmdc�Zr�bnlodshshnm�nudq�qdrntqbd�onrhshnmr�

&LZqjlZm�ds�Zk-*ö1//8:�QZkrsnm�ds�Zk-*ö1/11(-�EZbsnq�lZq,
jdsr�dwhrs�rn�bnloZmhdr�bZm�oqnbtqd�sgd�qdrntqbdr�mddcdc�
sn� etkehkk� sgd� bnloZmx|r� rsqZsdfhb� okZm� &AZqmdx*ö 0875Z(-�
QdrdZqbg�rtqqntmchmf�eZbsnq�lZqjdsr�gZr�dunkudc�sgqntfg�
shld� hm� sgZs� Zbbdrr� sn� qdrntqbdr� gZr�lnudc� eqnl� rnkdkx�
cdkhudqhmf� Z� ehql� Z� bnlodshshud� ZcuZmsZfd� cnvmrsqdZl�
hm� Z� rtookx� bgZhm� &AZqmdx*ö 0875a(� sn� qdbnfmhyhmf� sgZs� Z�
bnlodshshud� ZcuZmsZfd� bZm� ad� cdqhudc� eqnl� gnkchmf� Zb,
bdrr�sn�Z�qdrntqbd�torsqdZl�hm�sgd�rtookx�bgZhm�&BZoqnm�
�BgZsZhm*ö1//7:�Jdsbgdm�ds�Zk-*ö1//3(-�ELQ�cdudknor�Zr�
qdrntqbdr*�nm�sgd�rtookx�rhcd*�adbnld�Zm�Zwhr�ne�bnlodsh,
shnm�&LZqjlZm�ds�Zk-*ö1//8(-�Sghr�chrshmbshnm�hr�hlonqsZms�
Zmc�lnudr� sgd�chrbtrrhnm�ne� eZbsnq�lZqjdsr� eqnl�nmd�ne�
qdrntqbd�rsnbjr�Zmc�Zrrds�ZbbtltkZshnm*�sn�nmd�ne�rsqZsd,
fhb�RBL�cdbhrhnm,�lZjhmf-�@cchshnmZkkx*�ELQ�gZr�hlokhbZ,
shnmr�enq�ansg�sgd�cdlZmc�Zmc�rtookx�rhcd�ne�Z�enbZk�ehql-�
Fhudm�sgZs�eZbsnqr�ne�oqnctbshnm�Zqd�ohunsZk�sn�sgd�bqdZshnm�
ne� uZktd� enq� btrsnldqr*� ehqlr� rgntkc� trd� hmrhfgsr� eqnl�
sgdhq� rtookx� Zmc�cdlZmc�lZqjdsr� sn�gdko�lZmZfd� sgdhq�
rtookx�bgZhmr-�Hs�hr�mns�tmqdZrnmZakd�sn�Zrrtld�sgZs�qhuZk,
qntr�Zbshnm�hm�cnvmrsqdZl�bnlodshsnq�lZqjdsr�lZx�lZm,
hedrs�Zmc�lhfqZsd�torsqdZl�sn�qdrntqbdr�Zmc�sgd�rntqbdr�ne�
sgdhq�rtookx�&LZqjlZm�ds�Zk-*ö1//8(-
Enbtrhmf� nm� sgd� gnkhrshb� gdZksg� Zmc� uhZahkhsx� ne� sgdhq�

rtookx�bgZhmr*�ehqlr�vhsg�Zm�RBN�lZx�oZx�rodbhZk�Zssdm,
shnm�sn�rntqbdr�ne�jdx�qdrntqbdr�Zmc�trd�RBL�Zr�Z�vZx�sn�
fZhm� Zbbdrr� sn� bnlonmdmsr� Zmc� qZv�lZsdqhZkr� &Ldmsydq�
ds� Zk-*ö 1//0(-� Sgdrd� bnloZmhdr� sZjd� rtookx� lZmZfd,
ldms� rdqhntrkx*� rdd� hs� Zr� Z� rntqbd� ne� ‘rtookx,�rhcd–� qhrj�
&AqZmcnm,�Inmdr�ds�Zk-*ö1/03:�DkkqZl�ds�Zk-*ö1/02:�LZmti� �
Ldmsydq*ö1//7:�Yrhchrhm�ds�Zk-*ö1//3(*�Zmc�tmcdqrsZmc�sgZs�
Zbbdrr�sn�mddcdc�torsqdZl�hmotsr�lZx�ad�itrs�Zr�bqhshbZk�sn�
Z�ehql|r�knmf,�sdql�rtquhuZk�Zr�Zm�deedbshud�lZqjdshmf�bZl,
oZhfm�hm�sgd�cnvmrsqdZl�rtookx�bgZhm-
DkkqZl�ds�Zk-ö&1/02(*� hm�sgdhq�rdlhmZk�vnqj�chrbtrrhmf�

ELQ� hm� RBL*� ghfgkhfgs� sgZs� nqfZmhyZshnmr� nesdm� lnmh,
snq� eZbsnq�lZqjdsr� enq� hmotsr� mdbdrrZqx� sn� oqnuhcd� uZktd�
sn� btrsnldqr-� Sgd� Ztsgnqr� bZtshnm� sgZs� sghr�lnmhsnqhmf�
rgntkc�mns� nmkx� hmbktcd� odqbdhudc� uZktZakd*� qZqd*� hmhlh,
sZakd*�Zmc�mnmrtarshstsZakd�qdrntqbdr�qdpthqdc�enq�Zm�nq,
fZmhyZshnm|r�jdx�oqnctbs�nq�rdquhbd*�ats�Zkrn�sgnrd�hmotsr�

21581592, 2023, 1, D
ow

nloaded from
https://onlinelibrary.w

iley.com
/doi/10.1111/jbl.12320 by Liberty U

niversity, W
iley O

nline Library on [20/09/2023]. See the Term
s and C

onditions (https://onlinelibrary.w
iley.com

/term
s-and-conditions) on W

iley O
nline Library for rules of use; O

A
articles are governed by the applicable C

reative C
om

m
ons License

� � � z� 034E@BSNQ�L@QJDS�QHU@KQX9�@�SGDNQX�NE�RBL

vghbg� Zqd� udqrZshkd*� lnahkd*� Zmc� rddlhmfkx� tahpthsntr�
vghbg�bnmsqhatsd�sn�oqnuhchmf�btrsnldq�uZktd-�Sgd�rZld�
cdkdsdqhntr� deedbs*� sgd� eZhktqd� sn�ldds� dmc,�btrsnldq� cd,
lZmc*�lZx�qdrtks�eqnl�Z�ehql�mns�fZhmhmf�Zbbdrr�sn�Z�bnl,
onmdms�qdpthqdc�enq�Z�ehmhrgdc�fnnc�nq�Z�ehql�mns�rdbtqhmf�
sqZmronqsZshnm� rdquhbdr� sn� cdkhudq� ehmhrgdc� oqnctbsr-� @r�
Z� qdrtks*� bnlodshshnm� cdudknor� enq� rbZqbd� eZbsnqr� ne� oqn,
ctbshnm�nq�rdquhbd�cdkhudqx�&Otkkdr�ds�Zk-*ö1/03(-�Gnvdudq*�
bnlodshsnqr�enq�eZbsnqr�cn�mns�nmkx�gZud�sn�ad�sgnrd�vghbg�
ehqlr�bnlodsd�vhsg�hm�dmc,�oqnctbs�lZqjdsr*�ats�lZx�hm,
bktcd�bnlodshsnqr�hm�rhlhkZq�hmctrsqhdr�nq�bnloZmhdr�vhsg�
mn�oqnctbs�nudqkZo� sgZs� Zkrn� qdpthqd� sgd�mddcdc� rtookx,�
rhcd�qdrntqbd�&DkkqZl�ds�Zk-*ö1/02:�LZqjlZm�ds�Zk-*ö1//8(-
Vghkd� ntq� hmhshZk� enbtr� gZr� addm� nm� torsqdZl� Zbshuh,

shdr� hm� sgd� rtookx� bgZhm*�ELQ� hmbnqonqZsdr� Zm� hmbktrhud�
cdlZmc� Zmc� rtookx� hmsdfqZshnm� odqrodbshud� ne� sgd� rto,
okx�bgZhm�&RsZmj�ds�Zk-*ö0888:�SZsd�ds�Zk-*ö1/04(-�Enq�dwZl,
okd*� hs�gZr�addm� rgnvm� sgZs� ehql,�kdudk� rsqZsdfhdr� sn�ldds�
fqnvhmf�cdlZmc�hmbktcd�ZooqnZbgdr�rtbg�Zr�oqnctbs�Zmc�
lZsdqhZk�rtarshstshnm*�Zmc�sgd�hmbqdZrdc�chrbnudqx�ne�qZv�
lZsdqhZk�rntqbdr�&Adkk�ds�Zk-*ö1/02(-�Hm�eZbs*�vgdm�cdZkhmf�
vhsg�rbZqbd�qdrntqbdr�vgdqd�eZbsnq�lZqjds�qhuZkqx�hr�ghfg*�
kdZchmf�ehqlr�rtbg�Zr�FD�trd�rtarshstsd�oqnctbsr�sn�bqdZsd�
rhlhkZq�btrsnldq�uZktd�Zs�knvdq�bnrsr�Zmc�dudm�Zhl�sn�qd,
cdrhfm�oqnctbsr�sn�ldds btrsnldq�cdlZmc�vghkd�rhltksZ,
mdntrkx�Zunhchmf�sgd�trd�ne�qdrntqbdr�vgdqd�ghfg�kdudkr�ne�
qhuZkqx�nbbtq�&Ctbknr�ds�Zk-*ö1/0/:�Rgtlrjx*ö1/00(-�Sgdrd�
ZooqnZbgdr�Zqd�nesdm�trdc�hm�bnmitmbshnm�vhsg�rtookx,�rhcd�
ZooqnZbgdr�sn�lnqd�dptZkkx�hmsdfqZsd�Zmc�aZkZmbd�cdlZmc�
Zmc�rtookx*�hm�khmd�vhsg�sgd�cdlZmc�Zmc�rtookx�hmsdfqZ,
shnm�bnmbdosr�ne�VZm�ds�Zk-ö&1/07(*�SZsd�ds�Zk-ö&1/04(*�RsZmj�
ds� Zk-ö &1/01(*� Zmc� Drodq*� Dkkhmfdq� ds� Zk-ö &1/0/(-� @r� rtbg*�
hs�gZr�ZkqdZcx�addm�rtffdrsdc�hm�sgd�khsdqZstqd�sgZs� ehqlr�
rgntkc� mns� nmkx� bgnnrd� Z� rsqZsdfx� sn� bnlodsd� hm� cnvm,
rsqdZl� btrsnldq� lZqjdsr� &Lhkdr� � Rmnv*ö 0867:�VZkjdq�
�Qtdjdqs*ö0876(*�ats�qZsgdq�rdkdbs�’oZqZkkdk–�bnlodshshud�
ZooqnZbgdr�sgZs�rhltksZmdntrkx�hmhshZsd�bnlodshshud�Zbshu,
hshdr�nm�ansg�sgd�rtookx�Zmc�cdlZmc�rhcd�ne�sgdhq�rtookx�
bgZhmr�hm�nqcdq�sn�lZwhlhyd�oqnehs�Zmc�bqdZsd�uZktd�enq�sgd�
dmc,�btrsnldqr�ne�sgd�rtookx�bgZhm�&Adkk�ds�Zk-*ö1/04(-
ELQ� hr� cqhudm� ax� svn� oqhlZqx� uZqhZakdr*� mZldkx� qd,

rntqbd�bnlodshshnm�Zmc�qdrntqbd�rbZqbhsx-�Qdrntqbd�bnl,
odshshnm� hr� cdehmdc� Zr� Z� bkZrg� sgZs� nbbtqr� vgdm� svn� nq�
lnqd�oZqshdr� rddj� Zbbdrr� sn*� nq�tshkhyZshnm�ne*� Z� qdpthqdc�
hmots�&LZqjlZm�ds�Zk-*ö1//8(-�QhuZkqx�hr�vgZs�nbbtqr�vgdm�
ehqlr� aZsskd� enq� hmbnmfqtntr� onrhshnmr� &h-d-*� cdlZmc� dw,
bddcr� rtookx(� Zmc*� Zr� Z� qdrtks*� sZjd� oqnZbshud� Zbshnm� sn�
lZmZfd�Z�qdrntqbd�nq�qdZbs�sn�Z�bnlodshsnq�lnud�&AZtl�
�Jnqm*ö0885:�BZudr*ö0873:�Onqsdq*ö087/(-�Sgd�qnns�ne� qh,
uZkqntr� adgZuhnq� hm� eZbsnq� lZqjdsr� rsdlr� eqnl� bnmsdrs,
hmf� sgd� onrhshnm� ne� Z� bnlodshsnq� enq� sgd� rZld� qdrntqbd�
&Bgdm� �Lhkkdq*ö1/04(-�Sgd�rdbnmc�qdpthqdc�bgZqZbsdqhrshb�
ne�ELQ�hr�qdrntqbd�rbZqbhsx-�RbZqbhsx� hlokhdr�sgdqd�bntkc�

ad�gZqcrgho�&h-d-*� hmdeehbhdmbx(�hm�rdbtqhmf�Zbbdrr�sn�Z�qd,
rntqbd�mddcdc�sn�oqnuhcd�btrsnldq�uZktd�&Adkk�ds�Zk-*ö1/01:�
LZqjlZm�ds�Zk-*ö1//8:�LZsnontknr�ds�Zk-*ö1/04:�Vhdcldq�
ds�Zk-*ö1/1/(-�Vhsgnts�rbZqbhsx�nq�rnld�sxod�ne�bnmrsqZhms*�
sgdqd� hr�mn�qdZrnm�enq�qhuZkqx� sn�dwhrs-�RbZqbhsx�bZm�qdrtks�
eqnl�sgd�kZbj�ne�ZuZhkZahkhsx�ne�Z�qdrntqbd�nq�bnloZqZakd�
rtarshstsd� Zs� Z� oZqshbtkZq� knbZshnm� hm� Zarnktsd� sdqlr*� nq�
eqnl� sdlonqZk� eZbsnqr� sgZs�lZjd�Z� qdrntqbd� rbZqbd� enq� Z�
fhudm�odqhnc�ne�shld-
SZakdö0�bnmsZhmr� hmenqlZshnm�nm�jdx�uZqhZakdr�vhsghm�

ELQ� hmbktchmf� sgd�cdehmhshnm*� dwZlokd� bhsZshnm*� Zmc�dw,
dlokZq� ne� dZbg� uZqhZakd-� Sgd� ehqrs� svn� uZqhZakdr� Zqd� sgd�
qdpthrhsd�bnlonmdmsr�ne�ELQ�vghkd�sgd�ehmZk� sgqdd�uZqh,
Zakdr�Zqd�ntsbnldr�ne*�nq�qdronmrdr�sn�ELQ-

E:BSNP)�L:PJDS�PHU:KPW�HM�
RTOOKW�BG:HM�L:M:FDLDMS

EZbsnq lZqjdsr� Zqd� Z� bqhshbZk� dkdldms� ne� rtookx� bgZhmr-�
@r�oqduhntrkx�chrbtrrdc*� rtookx� bgZhmr� Zqd� enqldc� khmj,�
ax,�khmj�Zr�cxZchb�dwbgZmfd�qdkZshnmrghor�adsvddm�atxdqr�
Zmc�rtookhdqr-�Sgd�rds ne�onrrhakd�rtookhdqr�enq�qdrntqbdr�
qdoqdrdmsr�Z�enbZk�ehql|r�eZbsnq�lZqjds�enq�Z�fhudm�hmots*�Zmc
sgdrd� hmotsr�Zqd� bqhshbZk� sn� bqdZshmf�uZktd� enq� btrsnldqr-�
RBL�gdkor� ehqlr� qdZkhyd� sgd� cdrhfm� Zmc� bnnqchmZshnm� ne�
sgdhq�rtookx�bgZhmr*�Zmc�rtookx�bgZhm�odqenqlZmbd�gdkor�
ehqlr� ‘fds*� trd*� cdkhudq*� chrsqhatsd*� Zmc�lZjd–� fnncr� nq�
rdquhbdr� sn� bqdZsd� btrsnldq� uZktd-� Sgdqdenqd*� nmd� bZm�
Zqftd� sgZs� eZbsnq�lZqjdsr�nmkx�dwhrs�vhsghm� sgd� qdZkl�ne�
RBL�&Drodq*�Cdedd�ds�Zk-*ö1/0/:�KdLZx�ds�Zk-*ö1/06(-�Sgtr*�
ehql�Zbshnmr� hm�eZbsnq�lZqjdsr�Zqd�trtZkkx�Z�rtards�ne�Zm�
nqfZmhyZshnm|r� otqonrdetk� RBL� Zbshnmr� &BgZsZhm*ö 1/00:�
DkkqZl� ds� Zk-*ö 1/02(-� Vghkd� eZbsnqr� ne� oqnctbshnm� Zqd�
sxohbZkkx� uhdvdc� eqnl� sgd� rtookx� rhcd*� nq� torsqdZl*� ne�
Z� ehql|r� rtookx� bgZhm*� Zbpthqhmf� mdbdrrZqx� eZbsnqr� bZm�
ad� hmenqldc� ax� cdlZmc,�rhcd� bnlodshshnm� nq� hmektdmbdr�
&Adkk� ds� Zk-*ö 1/01:� LZqjlZm� ds� Zk-*ö 1//8:� RbgvhdsdqlZm�
�Lhkkdq*ö 1/05(� Sghr� gnkhrshb� uhdvonhms� Zkknvr� sgd�ELQ�
sgdnqdshbZk�ZooqnZbg�sn�sqtkx�ad�bnmrhcdqdc�Z�sgdnqx�sgZs�
qdrhcdr� vhsghm� sgd� RBL� cnlZhm-� QhuZkqx� nudq� qdrntqbd�
onrhshnmr� nmkx� nbbtqr� vhsghm� Z� ehql|r� rtookx� bgZhm-�
QhuZkqntr�adgZuhnq�lZx�nbbtq�enq�lZmx�sxodr�ne�fnncr�nq�
qdrntqbdr� &h-d-*�bnlonmdms�oZqsr*� sqZmronqsZshnm rdquhbdr*�
gtlZm� qdrntqbdr(*� ats� sghr� qhuZkqx� cdudknor�vgdm� ehqlr�
qdZkhyd� sgdqd� hr� Z� rtookx� bnmrsqZhms� nm� Z� mddcdc� hmots�
oqdudmshmf� Z� bnloZmx|r� rtookx� bgZhm� eqnl� deedbshudkx�
cdkhudqhmf�btrsnldq�uZktd-
Sgd�dwhrsdmbd�ne�eZbsnq�lZqjdsr�cndr�mns*�hm�Zmc�ne�hs,

rdke*�ftZqZmsdd�sgZs�ELQ�vhkk�nbbtq-�Itrs�Zr�Z�ehql|r�RBN�
lZx�ad�lnqd�hlonqsZms�hm�bdqsZhm�hmctrsqhdr�nq�bnmchshnmr�
sgZm�nsgdqr*�ELQ�lZx�mns�qdZq�hsr�gdZc�hm�Zkk�rtookx�bgZhm�
bZrdr-� He� Z� qdpthqdc� qdrntqbd� hr� hm� ZatmcZms� rtookx*� gZr�

21581592, 2023, 1, D
ow

nloaded from
https://onlinelibrary.w

iley.com
/doi/10.1111/jbl.12320 by Liberty U

niversity, W
iley O

nline Library on [20/09/2023]. See the Term
s and C

onditions (https://onlinelibrary.w
iley.com

/term
s-and-conditions) on W

iley O
nline Library for rules of use; O

A
articles are governed by the applicable C

reative C
om

m
ons License

035� z� � � Q@KRSNM�et�al-

ZuZhkZakd� Zmc� ZssqZbshud� rtarshstsdr*� nq� he� mn� nsgdq� dmshsx�
cdlZmcr� sgZs� hmots*� sgdm�ELQ�vhkk�mns�dwhrs-�Sgd�uZktd�
ne�RBN*�Zmc�khjdvhrd�sgd�cZmfdq�ne�mns�qdbnfmhyhmf�ELQ*�
lZx� ad� cdodmcdms� nm�lZqjdsokZbd� dmuhqnmldmsZk� bgZq,
Zbsdqhrshbr� hm� sdqlr�ne�rtookx� enq�Z�oqnctbs�nq� hmots�Zs�Z�
fhudm�knbZshnm�Zmc�lnldms�hm�shld-�SdlonqZk�Zmc�roZshZk�
hrrtdr�Zmc�sgd�qdpthrhsd�rtookx�bgZhm�lZqjdsokZbd�bgZqZb,
sdqhrshbr�etqsgdq�dmsqdmbg�ELQ�Zr�Z�sgdnqdshbZk�ZooqnZbg�
rodbhehb� sn�RBL�ogdmnldmZ-�Sgd�etkk�qZmfd�ne�ELQ�bZm�
nmkx�dwhrs�vhsghm�sgd�cnlZhm�ne�RBL*�ats�cndr�mns�nbbtq�
vhsghm�dudqx�rtookx�bgZhm-
Hs�hr�hlonqsZms�sn�tmcdqrsZmc�sgZs�rtookx�rbZqbhsx�Zmc�

bnlodshshnm�gdko�rds�sgd�bnmchshnmr�enq�ELQ*�ats�hs�hr�sgd�
ZvZqdmdrr� Zmc� ZrrnbhZsdc� qhrjr� ne� rbZqbhsx� Zmc� bnlod,
shshnm�sgZs�kdZc�lZmZfdqr�sn�sZjd�sgd�Zbshnmr�sgZs�bnmrsh,
stsd� qhuZkqntr�adgZuhnq-�Oqhnq�vnqj�gZr�mnsdc� sgZs�lZmx�
ehqlr� eZbd�Z�rtccdm�chrqtoshnm�vgdm�Z�oqduhntrkx�Zatm,
cZms�qdrntqbd�adbnldr�rbZqbd�Zmc�sgd�rtaidbs�ne�bnlod,
shshnm�&DkkqZl�ds�Zk-*ö1/02(-�Sgdrd�chrqtoshnmr�Zqd tmhptd�
hm�sgZs�bnlodshshnm�lZx�Zqhrd�eqnl�tmdwodbsdc�torsqdZl�
rntqbdr*� oZqshbtkZqkx� he� sgd�oZqshdr� bnlodshmf� enq� sgd� qd,
rntqbd� cn� mns� Zkrn� bnlodsd� enq� cnvmrsqdZl� btrsnldqr-�
Sgd�BNUHC,�08� oZmcdlhb� kdc�gnrohsZkr� sn� bnlodsd�vhsg�
atrhmdrrdr� khjd�vZqdgntrdr�Zmc� sqZmronqsZshnm�oqnuhcdqr�
enq�eZbdlZrjr�&Fnncmntfg*ö1/1/(-�Sgd fknaZk�Ztsnlnshud�
hmctrsqx� hr� eZbhmf� rshee� bnlodshshnm� enq� bnlotsdq� bghor�
ctd� sn� Z� bnmrsqZhmdc� rtookx� Zmc� rtqoqhrhmfkx*� hmbqdZrdc�

cdlZmc� eqnl� dkdbsqnmhbr�lZmteZbstqdqr� &Anrsnm*ö 1/10(-�
Sgd�eZbs�sgZs�ehqlr�eZbd�tmdwodbsdc�bnlodshshnm�ghmsr�Zs�
‘akhmc�ronsr–�bqdZsdc�ax�khlhsZshnmr�sn�ehqlr|�bnmbdostZk,
hyZshnmr�ne�vghbg�qdrntqbdr�ehs�vhsghm�Z�bnlodshshud�ZqdmZ�
&QZkrsnm�ds�Zk-*ö1/11(-�Nmd�onsdmshZk� qdrtks� hr� eZbsnq�lZq,
jds�lxnohZ-�EZbsnq�lZqjds�lxnohZ�bnldr�eqnl�jmnvkdcfd�
khlhsr�bdmsdqdc�nm�rntqbdr�ne� hmotsr*�onsdmshZk�rtarshstsd�
hmotsr*�Zmc�hmots�trdqr�&QZkrsnm�ds�Zk-*ö1/06(-�Sgd�hloZbs�
ne�eZbsnq�lZqjds�lxnohZ�lZx�qdrtks�hm�Z�rsqZsdfhb�knbj,�hm�
deedbs�hm�vghbg�ehqlr�rhmftkZqkx�enbtr�nm�Zbbdrr�sn�sgd�bnm,
rsqZhmdc�qdrntqbd�hmrsdZc�ne�knnjhmf�enq�uhZakd�ZksdqmZshudr-�
@mnsgdq� hrrtd� sgZs�lZx� rotq�ELQ� hr�odqbdhudc� qdrntqbd�
rbZqbhsx-� Odqbdoshnmr� ne� qdrntqbd� rbZqbhsx� sgZs� lZmZfdqr�
eddk� lZx� sgqdZsdm� bnlodshshudmdrr� hmektdmbd� cdbhrhnm,�
lZjhmf�Zmc�ehql�Zbshnm�&Vhdcldq� �Vghookd*ö1/11(-
Etqsgdq�cdlnmrsqZshmf� sgd� ehql,�kdudk*�Zbshnm,�nqhdmsdc�

mZstqd� ne� ELQ� sgdnqx*� RbgvhdsdqlZm� Zmc�Lhkkdqö &1/05(�
oqnuhcd�Z�sxonknfx�ne�Zbshnmr�ehqlr�bZm�sZjd�sn�lhshfZsd�sgd�
onsdmshZk�mdfZshud�deedbsr�ne�ELQ-�Sgd�Ztsgnqr�rtffdrsdc�
hmsdqmZk�rsqZsdfhdr�rtbg�Zr�qdctbhmf� hmots� hlonqsZmbd�nq�
dwsdqmZkkx� enbtrdc� dmcdZunqr� khjd� rddjhmf� mdv� rntqbdr�
ne� rtookx� nq� uhZakd� rtarshstsd� hmotsr� sn� lnud� enqvZqc�
eqnl�ELQ-�Adkk�ds�Zk-ö&1/04(�rtffdrs�Z�cheedqdms ZooqnZbg�
vgdm�ehqlr�gZud�Z�onsdmshZk�ZcuZmsZfd�hm�rdbtqhmf�Zbbdrr�
sn�rbZqbd�qdrntqbdr�udqrtr�qhuZkr-�Sgd�Ztsgnqr�bnhmdc�sgd�
sdql�’rtookx�bgZhm�hmsdqchbshnm–�sn�cdrbqhad�sgd�ctZk�adm,
dehs� fdmdqZsdc� eqnl�Zbbdrr� sn� Z� bnmrsqZhmdc� hmots�vghbg�

S:AKD �2 � ELQ�uZqhZakdr

UYqhYakd Cdehmhshnm DwYlokd�bhsYshnm DwdlokYq

Qdrntqbd�
bnlodshshnm

@�qdrtksZms�bkZrg�vgdm�svn�nq�
lnqd�oZqshdr�rddj�sn�rdbtqd�
Zbbdrr�nq�tshkhyd�Z�fhudm�hmots

LZqjlZm�ds�Zk-ö&1//8( Bnlodshshnm�enq�shqdr�ax�Ztsnlnahkd�
lefr-.Bnlodshshnm�enq�bnlotsdq�
bghor�Zbqnrr�Ztsnlnahkd�lefr-*�
gdZksgbZqd�cduhbd�lefr-*�Zmc�
rlZqsognmd�lefr-

RbZqbhsx�ne�hmots @�qdrntqbd�enq�vghbg�cdlZmc�
dwbddcr�oqdrdms�rtookx�Zs�Z�
oZqshbtkZq�knbZshnm

LZqjlZm�ds�Zk-ö&1//8(*�Adkk�
ds�Zk-ö&1/01(*�DkkqZl�ds�Zk-ö&1/02(

BnmrsqZhmdc�sqZmronqsZshnm�bZoZbhsx�
ctqhmf�dkduZsdc�rghoohmf�odqhncr

EZbsnq�lZqjds�
lxnohZ

Khlhshmf�sgd�odqbdhudc�rntqbdr�
ne�qdrntqbdr�nq�snn�mZqqnvkx
enbtrhmf�nm�rnktshnmr�sn�mddcr

DkkqZl�ds�Zk-ö&1/02(*�QZkrsnm
ds�Zk-ö&1/06(*�NodmfZqs�ds�Zk-ö&1/07(

@�lxnohb�enbtr�nm�sgd�dwhrshmf�
onnk�ne�sqtbj�cqhudqr�hmrsdZc�ne�
rddjhmf�ZksdqmZshud�rntqbdr�ne�
cqhudqr�nq�qdbqthshmf�odnokd�vhsg�
chudqrd�aZbjfqntmcr�sn�sgd�ehdkc

EZbsnq�lZqjds�
qdronmrd

Ehql�Zbshnm�nqhfhmZshmf�eqnl�
eZbsnq�lZqjds�qhuZkqx

BZoqnm�Zmc�BgZsZhmö&1//7(*�
RbgvhdsdqlZm�Zmc�Lhkkdqö&1/05(

Rddjhmf�Z�rtarshstsd�oqnctbs�
sn�Z�bnmrsqZhmdc�eZbsnq�ne�
oqnctbshnm�&h-d-�bghbjdm�enq�
adde�nq�ZtsnlZshnm�hmrsdZc�ne�
bnmrsqZhmdc�gtlZm�qdrntqbdr(

EZbsnq�lZqjds�
hmsdqchbshnm

Ehql�Zbshnm�qdrtkshmf�eqnl�eZbsnq�
lZqjds�qhuZkqx�sn�hloqnud�
bnlodshshud�onrhshnm�Zmc�
vdZjdm�qhuZkr

Adkk�ds�Zk-ö&1/04( Tshkhyhmf�ELQ�eqnl�Z�bnlodshshud�
rsZmconhms�Zmc�rdbtqhmf�Zbbdrr�sn�
Z�bnlonmdms�Zs�sgd�cdsqhldms�ne�
Z�qhuZk�&h-d-�MnjhZ�rdbtqhmf�vZedqr�
vgdm�Dqhbrrnm�bntkc�mns(

21581592, 2023, 1, D
ow

nloaded from
https://onlinelibrary.w

iley.com
/doi/10.1111/jbl.12320 by Liberty U

niversity, W
iley O

nline Library on [20/09/2023]. See the Term
s and C

onditions (https://onlinelibrary.w
iley.com

/term
s-and-conditions) on W

iley O
nline Library for rules of use; O

A
articles are governed by the applicable C

reative C
om

m
ons License

� � � z� 036E@BSNQ�L@QJDS�QHU@KQX9�@�SGDNQX�NE�RBL

Zkrn�rdqudr�Zr�khlhshmf�Zbbdrr�sn�sgZs�bnmrsqZhmdc�hmots�enq�
qhuZkr-�Rtookx�bgZhm�hmsdqchbshnm�gZr�fqdZsdq�hloZbs�vgdm�
qhuZkqntr� ehqlr� Zkrn� bnlodsd� hm� sgd� rZld� dmc,�oqnctbs�
lZqjdsr-
@r�vd�mZqqnv�hm�nm�sgd�ehql,�kdudk�mZstqd�ne�sgd�ELQ�

sgdnqdshbZk�ZooqnZbg*�rdudqZk�nardquZshnmr�bZm�ad�lZcd�
nm�sgd�uhZahkhsx�ne�bnlodshshud�Zbshnmr-�Ehqrs*�vgdm�Z�ehql�
adbnldr� ZvZqd� ne� Z� onsdmshZkkx� bnmrsqZhmdc� qdrntqbd*�
nq�ne�bnlodshshud�Zbshnmr�ax�Z�qdrntqbd�qhuZk*�Zm�hmhshZk*�
oqddloshud� ZooqZhrZk� rgntkc� ad� bnmctbsdc-� Hs�ltrs� ad�
cdsdqlhmdc�gnv�uZktZakd�sgd�qdrntqbd�hr�sn�sgd�ehql�Zr�
Z�bnlonmdms�mdbdrrZqx�enq�btrsnldq�uZktd�bqdZshnm�Zmc�
ZrrnbhZsdc� qdudmtd�fdmdqZshnm-� He� Z� ehql�cdbhcdr� sgZs�Z�
rgnqsZfd� ne� sgd� rbZqbd� qdrntqbd� bntkc� bqdZsd� qdudmtd�
qhrj*� hs� oqnuhcdr� sgd� ehqrs� rsdo� snvZqc�lZjhmf� sgd�cdbh,
rhnm�sn�dmfZfd�hm�ELQ-
Nmbd�sgd�uZktd�ne�Z�qdrntqbd�hr�duZktZsdc*�sgd�mZstqd�

ne�sgd�rbZqbhsx�adbnldr�hlonqsZms-�He�sgd�ehql�hr�Zakd�sn�
lZjd�Z�oqnidbshnm�ne�sgd�kdmfsg�ne�shld�enq�sgd�rbZqbhsx*�
hs�bZm�gdko�rgZod�sgd�mZstqd�ne�sgd�bnlodshshud�Zbshnmr-�
Lnqdnudq*�sgd�ehql�lZx�Zkrn�cdbhcd�sn�dwoknqd�sgd�ZuZhk,
Zahkhsx� Zmc�deehbZbx�ne� rtarshstsd� qdrntqbdr-� Rnld� rbZq,
bhsx� hr� sdlonqZqx*� rtbg� Zr� bnmrsqZhmdc� sqZmronqsZshnm�
bZoZbhsx�rtqqntmchmf�Z�odqhnc�ne�ghfg�cdlZmc�&DkkqZl�
ds� Zk-*ö 1/02(-�Nsgdq� qdrntqbdr�lZx� eZbd� knmf,�sdql�rbZq,
bhsx*� rtbg�Zr�mZstqZk� qdrntqbdr� hm� Z� rsZsd�ne�cdbkhmd*� nq�
sgnrd�bnmrhcdqdc�mnmqdmdvZakd�nq�fknaZkkx�rbZqbd�&Adkk�
ds� Zk-*ö 1/01(-� @cchshnmZkkx*� cdlZmc� bntkc� ad� hmbqdZr,
hmf�fqdZsdq�sgZm�sgd�qZsd�ne�rtookx*� hmctbhmf�knmf,�sdql�
rbZqbhsx-
He� sgd� rbZqbhsx� enq� Z� qdrntqbd� hr� odqbdhudc� sn� gZud� Z�

knmf,�sdql� gnqhynm*� Zmc� sgd� qdrntqbd� hr� ne� rteehbhdms�
uZktd� sn� sgd� ehql*� eZbsnq�lZqjds�lxnohZ*� hm�vghbg� sgd�
ehql� okZbdr� Zm� hmsdmrd� enbtr� nm� sgd� qdrntqbd� hm� ptdr,
shnm*�bntkc�ad�Z�uhZakd�noshnm�&QZkrsnm�ds�Zk-*ö1/06(-�OZqs�
ne� sgd� ntsbnld� ne�lxnohZ�lZx� hmbktcd� sgd� hcdmshehbZ,
shnm� ne� rtarshstsdr� nq� sgd� cdudknoldms� ne� hmsdqmZk� no,
shnmr�vhsghm�sgd�ehql�sn�lZjd�sgd�qdrntqbd� kdrr�bqhshbZk�
&RbgvhdsdqlZm� �Lhkkdq*ö1/05(-�RdoZqZsdkx*�he�ehqlr�tm,
cdqrsZmc�sgd�qdrntqbd�onrhshnm�enq�sgd�eZbsnq�hm�ptdrshnm�
Zr�bnloZqdc�sn�chqdbs�lZqjds�bnlodshsnqr*�ELQ�sgqntfg�
rtookx� bgZhm� hmsdqchbshnm�lZx� ad� Zm� ZooqnoqhZsd� bnl,
odshshud�qdronmrd�&Adkk�ds�Zk-*ö1/04(-

SGDNPDSHB:K�ENTMC:SHNMR

Vgx� ltrs� shld� ad� cdunsdc� sn� chrbtrrhmf� sgd� ELQ�
sgdnqdshbZk�ZooqnZbg�Zr�Z�fdmdqZk�sgdnqx�ne�RBL;�Nq*�ots�
Zmnsgdq�vZx*�vgx�Zqd�dwhrshmf�sgdnqhdr�mns�etkkx�ZcdptZsd�
sn� gZmckd� rtookx,�rhcd� bnlodshshnm;�Vd� adkhdud� sgZs� sgd�
Zmrvdq�khdr�hm�sgd�eZbs�sgZs�rdudqZk�ne�sgd�uZktZakd�sgdnqhdr�
tmcdqohmmhmf�qdrdZqbg�hm�RBL�cn�mns�etkkx�rodbhex�sgd�jdx�

Zrodbsr�ne�ELQ-�Adknv*�vd�chrbtrr�sgd�dbnmnlhb�qnnsr�ne�
ELQ�Zmc�kZsdq�bnloZqd�sgd�ELQ�sgdnqdshbZk�ZooqnZbg�sn�
dwhrshmf�sgdnqhdr�rnldshldr�tshkhydc�Zr�sgd�entmcZshnm�ne�
qdrdZqbg�hm�RBL-

Dbnmnlhb�tmcdqohmmhmfr�ne�ELP

ELQ�hr�cqhudm�ax�bnlodshshnm�nudq�rbZqbd�qdrntqbdr*�ats�
sghr� bnlodshshnm� hr� sgd� qdrtks� ne� hmchuhctZk� ehql� Zbshnmr�
&Zmc� qdZbshnmr(-� Hs� hr� ntq� bnmsdmshnm� sgZs� sgd� ELQ�
sgdnqdshbZk�ZooqnZbg�Zmc�hsr�jdx�sdmdsr�Zqd�bnmrhrsdms�vhsg�
sgd� entmcZshnmr� ne� @trsqhZm� dbnmnlhbr-� HmchuhctZk� ehql�
bgnhbdr� aZrdc� nm� sgnrd� ehqlr|� rtaidbshud� Zrrdrrldmsr� ne�
hmenqlZshnm� Zqd�vgZs� rotqr� ELQ� &UZtfgm*ö 0887(-� ELQ�
qdrtksr� adbZtrd�okZxdqr� Zbshudkx� rddj�chrdpthkhaqhtl�Zmc�
ZcuZmsZfd� nudq� qhuZkr� hm� sgd� bnlodshshud lZqjdsokZbd�
&Gtms� �CZuhr*ö1/01:�Jhqymdq*ö0886(-�Sghr�Zbshud�otqrths�
ne�bnlodshshud�chrdpthkhaqhtl�rgnvr�sgd�ELQ�sgdnqdshbZk�
ZooqnZbg�hr�mns�qnnsdc�hm�bkZrrhbZk�dbnmnlhbr-
Rtookx�Zmc�cdlZmc�cqhudm�ax�oqhbd�bgZmfdr�enbtrhmf�

nm� Z� knmf,�sdql� lZqjds� dpthkhaqhtl� hr� mns� sgd� oqhlZqx�
cqhudq� vhsghm� sgd� ELQ� sgdnqdshbZk� ZooqnZbg� &Fqnudq� �
LZkgnsqZ*ö1//2(-�SxohbZkkx*�oqnehs,�rddjhmf�ehqlr�bZqd�khsskd�
Zants� sgd�onhms� Zs�vghbg� Z�lZqjds� qdZbgdr� dpthkhaqhtl*�
dudm� he� sghr� dpthkhaqhtl�aqhmfr� Z� odqhnc� ne� rsZahkhsx� Zmc�
bdqsZhmsx� sn� sqZmrZbshnmr-� Sghr� chrshmbshnm� rodZjr� sn� sgd�
sdlonqZk�mZstqd�ne�bnlodshshnm�vd�cdrbqhadc�dZqkhdq-�Sgd�
ELQ�sgdnqdshbZk�ZooqnZbg�gZr�@trsqhZm�dbnmnlhb�tmcdq,
ohmmhmfr�fhudm� sgZs� rbZqbhsx� Zmc�bnlodshshnm�vhsg�nsgdq�
ehqlr�nudq�bnmrsqZhmdc�qdrntqbdr�nbbtq�nudq�Z�rgnqsdq�shld�
gnqhynm�sgZm�sgd knmf,�sdql�ZooqnZbg�snvZqc�dpthkhaqhtl�
cdrbqhadc� ax� bkZrrhbZk� dbnmnlhrsr� &Jhqymdq*ö 0886(-� Sghr�
sgntfgs� hr� Zkrn� rtoonqsdc� ax� sgd� qdZkhyZshnm� sgZs� ehqlr�
Zqd�mns�ZkvZxr�qZshnmZk�Zbsnqr-�EZbsnq�lZqjds�lxnohZ*� hm�
vghbg� ehqlr� rnldshldr�otqrtd�Zbbdrr� sn�Z� qdrntqbd�Zs� Z�
cdsqhldms�sn�sgdhq�ehql|r�knmfduhsx*�rgnvr�Z�kZbj�ne�qZshn,
mZkhsx�Zmc�Zm� hmots� sgZs� hr�cheedqdms� sgZm� sgnrd� sxohbZkkx�
Zrrtldc�ax�mdnbkZrrhbZk�dbnmnlhbr�&Cdptdbg*ö1//0(-
TmcdqrsZmchmf� sgd�dbnmnlhb�aZrd�ne�ELQ� hr� hlonqs,

Zms*�drodbhZkkx�vgdm�vd�bnmrhcdq�ELQ|r�sgdnqdshbZk�entm,
cZshnm�sn�ad�qnnsdc�ansg�hm�bnlodshshud�cxmZlhbr�Zmc�sgd�
otqrths�ne�mddcdc�qdrntqbdr- Sgd�lnshuZshnmr�oqnuhcdc�ax�
sgd�@trsqhZm�dbnmnlhb�eqZldvnqj�Zkrn�Zkknv�tr�sn�eqZld�
sgd� ELQ� sgdnqdshbZk� ZooqnZbg� qdkZshud� sn nsgdq� oqnlh,
mdmskx�tshkhydc�sgdnqhdr�vhsghm�RBL-�Sghr�sgdnqdshbZk�bnl,
oZqhrnm� gdkor� ntskhmd� vgZs� lZjdr� ELQ� sgdnqx� tmhptd-�
Lnrs�ne� sgd�lnqd�fdmdqZk� sgdnqhdr�vd�chrbtrr�adknv�cd,
rbqhad� aqnZcdq� cnlZhmr*� Zmc� bZostqd Z� fqdZsdq� uZqhdsx�
ne� ogdmnldmZ� sgZm� sgd�ELQ� sgdnqdshbZk� ZooqnZbg-�Ntq�
hmsdms� hm� ghfgkhfgshmf�vgZs�lZjdr� sgd� ELQ� entmcZshnm�
cheedqdms�sgZm�dwhrshmf�sgdnqhdr�hr�sn�rgnv�rodbhehbZkkx�sgd�
sgdnqx|r�enbtrdc�Zmc�chrshmbs�uZktd�sn�sgd�RBL�chrbhokhmd-

21581592, 2023, 1, D
ow

nloaded from
https://onlinelibrary.w

iley.com
/doi/10.1111/jbl.12320 by Liberty U

niversity, W
iley O

nline Library on [20/09/2023]. See the Term
s and C

onditions (https://onlinelibrary.w
iley.com

/term
s-and-conditions) on W

iley O
nline Library for rules of use; O

A
articles are governed by the applicable C

reative C
om

m
ons License

037� z� � � Q@KRSNM�et�al-

BnloYqhrnmr�vhsg�nsgdq�oqduYkdms sgdnqhdr

Vghkd� sgd� enkknvhmf� dwZlokdr� Zqd� mns� dwgZtrshud*�
sgdx� rdqud� sn� hkktrsqZsd� rnld� ne� sgd� vZxr� sgd� ELQ�
sgdnqdshbZk�ZooqnZbg�needqr�uZktd�sn�ntq�tmcdqrsZmchmf�
ne� rtookx� bgZhmr-� HlonqsZmskx*�lZmx� ne� sgdrd� sgdnqhdr�
Zqd� aqnZcdq� Zmc� tshkhydc� hm� Z� fqdZsdq� mtladq� ne� ehdkcr�
sgZm�hr�ZooqnoqhZsd�enq�sgd�ELQ�ZooqnZbg-�@r�rtbg*�hs�hr�
hmZbbtqZsd�sn�cdrbqhad�Z�rodbhehb*�uZktZakd�bnmsqhatshnm�ne�
sgd�ELQ�sgdnqdshbZk�ZooqnZbg�Zr�Z�vdZjmdrr�hm�Zmnsgdq�
sgdnqx-�DZbg�sgdnqx�oqnuhcdr�tmhptd�bnmsqhatshnmr*�Zmc�
ELQ�sgdnqx�hr�eqZldc�hm�Zm�ZookhbZakd�vZx�sn�sgd�RBL�
cnlZhm�hm�oZqshbtkZq-
RnbhZk� mdsvnqj� sgdnqx� gZr� addm� tshkhydc� hm� Z� uZqhdsx�

ne� chrbhokhmdr-�Sgd� sgdnqx� rgnvr� bkdZq� admdehsr� eqnl� rn,
bhZk�shdr�nq�qdkZshnmrghor-�Nmd�ne�sgd�admdehsr�chrbtrrdc�hr�
sgd�Zbbdrr� sn�Z� qdrntqbd� sgZs�dwhrsr�ctd� sn�Z� qdkZshnmrgho�
adsvddm�oZqshdr-�Gnvdudq*�lZmZfhmf�bnlodshshnm�enq�qd,
rntqbdr�Zbqnrr�sgd�rtookx�bgZhm�hr�mns�sxohbZkkx�chrbtrrdc-�
@cchshnmZkkx*� rnbhZk� mdsvnqj� sgdnqx� bZm� ad� trdc� sn� cd,
rbqhad�uZrs�mdsvnqjr�ne�Zbsnqr*�Zr�vdkk�Zr�sgd�tmhptd�dkd,
ldmsr�ne� hmchuhctZk� shdr-�@r�rtbg*� sgd�tmhs�ne�ZmZkxrhr� hr�
cheedqdms� sgZm� sgd� ELQ� sgdnqdshbZk� ZooqnZbg� vghbg� en,
btrdr�nm�rbZqbd�qdrntqbdr�Zmc�bnlodshshnm�adsvddm�Zbsnqr�
vgn�lZx�mns�ad�bnmmdbsdc�hm�Zmx�nsgdq�vZx-
QAU�rodbhehdr� sgZs� sgd�lnshuZshnm� enq� rdbtqhmf�Zbbdrr�

sn�Z� qdrntqbd� hr� sgd�bnlodshshud�ZcuZmsZfdr� sgZs�lZx�qd,
rtks-�QAU�rodbhehdr� sgZs� Zbbdrr� sn�gdsdqnfdmdntr�bnlon,
rhshnmr� ne� qdrntqbdr� bZm� kdZc� sn� bnlodshshud� ZcuZmsZfd�
&AZqmdx*ö 0880:�Vdqmdqedks*ö 0873(-� Sghr� gZr� addm� nmd� ne�
sgd�lnrs�oqduZkdms�sgdnqdshbZk�odqrodbshudr�tshkhydc�sn�cd,
rbqhad�sgd�entmcZshnmr�ne�bnlodshshud�ZcuZmsZfd� hm�RBL�
qdrdZqbg-�Hm�bnloZqhrnm*�sgd�ELQ�sgdnqdshbZk�ZooqnZbg�hr�
lnqd�fqZmtkZq�hm�sgd�tmhs�ne�ZmZkxrhr�qdkZsdc�sn�qdrntqbd�
Zbbdrr*�vhsg�sgd�hmchuhctZk�qdrntqbd�Zmc�rodbhehb�qdrntqbd�
bnlodshsnqr� Zr� sgd� bdmsqZk� uZqhZakdr� &DkkqZl�ds� Zk-*ö 1/02:�
LZqjlZm�ds�Zk-*ö1//8(-�QAU�enbtrdr�nm�rsqZsdfhb�bnlods,
hshud� ZcuZmsZfd*� vghkd� ELQ� cdrbqhadr� bnlodshshud� rbd,
mZqhnr� Zmc� nodqZshnmZk� Zbshnmr� ax� rodbhehb� ehqlr� ctqhmf�
qhuZkqx� enq� rodbhehb� qdrntqbdr� Zs� Z� bdqsZhm� shld�Zmc�okZbd�
&RbgvhdsdqlZm� �Lhkkdq*ö1/05(-
Qdrntqbd,�ZcuZmsZfd�sgdnqx*�Zkrn�qnnsdc�hm�sgd�@trsqhZm�

dbnmnlhb�eqZldvnqj*�bnmrhcdqr�lZqjdsokZbd�bnloZqZshud�
ZcuZmsZfdr� ehqlr� bZm� cdudkno�vhsghm� sgdhq� rtookx� bgZhm�
ldladqrgho�&Gtms*ö1//1:�Gtms� �CZuhr*ö1/01(-�Qdrntqbd,�
@cuZmsZfd�sgdnqx�rsZsdr�sgZs�ehqlr�bnlohkd�atmckdr�ne�qd,
rntqbdr� sgZs� Zqd� sgdm� sqZmrenqldc� hmsn�lZqjds� needqhmfr�
sgZs� gdko� sgdl� Zbghdud� bnloZqZshud� ZcuZmsZfdr� hm� sgd�
cnvmrsqdZl�lZqjds� nudq� sgdhq� bnlodshsnqr-�Vghkd� ansg�
sgdnqhdr�enbtr�nm�bnlodshshnm*�odqgZor�sgd�jdx�chrshmbshnm�
adsvddm�Qdrntqbd,�@cuZmsZfd� sgdnqx�Zmc�sgd�ELQ�sgdn,
qdshbZk�ZooqnZbg�hr�sgd�tmcdqkxhmf�qdZrnm�vgx�ehqlr�lZx�
bnlodsd� enq� rtookx,�rhcd� qdrntqbdr-�Vhsghm� ELQ� sgdnqx*�

ehqlr� dmfZfd� hm� torsqdZl� bnlodshshnm� enq� bnmrsqZhmdc�
qdrntqbdr� sn�oqnsdbs� Zmc� rtrsZhm�nodqZshnmr� Zmc�mns� itrs�
sn�hloqnud�lZqjds,�rhcd�bnloZqZshud�ZcuZmsZfdr-�Sghr�mt,
Zmbd�hr�hlonqsZms�Zr�ehqlr�adfhm�sn�dmfZfd�hm�eZbsnq�lZqjds�
lxnohZ�Zmc� rtookx,�bgZhm� hmsdqchbshnm*�vghbg�bntkc� kdZc�
sn�bnlodshshud�aZsskdr�vhsg�edv�onrhshud�ntsbnldr�&DkkqZl�
ds�Zk-*ö1/02:�QZkrsnm�ds�Zk-*ö1/06(-
Qdrntqbd� Cdodmcdmbd� Sgdnqx� &QCS(� cdrbqhadr� sgd

ehql|r�qdkZshnmrgho�vhsg�sgd�dwsdqmZk�dmuhqnmldms*�oZqs�ne�
vghbg�dmsZhkr�Z�mddc�enq�qdrntqbdr�sgZs�cqhud�Z�cdodmcdmbx�
tonm�rZhc�dmuhqnmldms-�Sgd�sgdnqx�gZr�lZmx�bnmsdwsr�ad,
xnmc�cxZchb� dwbgZmfdr�adsvddm� ehqlr*�ats� sgd�mddc� enq*�
Zmc� cdodmcdmbd� tonm*� qdrntqbdr� lnshuZsdr� sgd� ehql� sn�
rdbtqd�rbZqbd�qdrntqbdr�eqnl�sqZchmf�oZqsmdqr*�bqdZshmf�Z�
cdodmcdmbd�nm�sgdrd�oZqsmdqr�&Oedeedq� �RZkZmbhj*ö0867(-�
Sghr�cdodmcdmbd�bZm�kdZc�sn�Z�onvdq�hlaZkZmbd�adsvddm�
ehqlr-� Sghr� chrshmfthrghmf� edZstqd� ne� cdZkhmf� vhsg� sgd�
onvdq� hlaZkZmbdr� hmgdqdms� hm� udqshbZk� dwbgZmfdr�lZjdr�
QCS� tmhptd� eqnl� sgd� ELQ� sgdnqdshbZk� ZooqnZbg-� ELQ�
sgdnqx� hr� enbtrdc� nm� rdbtqhmf� Zbbdrr� sn� rbZqbd� nq� bnm,
rsqZhmdc�qdrntqbdr� sgqntfg�bnlodshshud*�qhuZkqntr�Zbshnm-�
Sgd� ELQ� sgdnqdshbZk� ZooqnZbg� rtffdrsr�ldbgZmhrlr� sn�
cdZk� vhsg� onvdq� hlaZkZmbdr� vghbg�lZx� qdrtks� adsvddm�
dwbgZmfd�oZqsmdqr*�rtbg�Zr�rtookx�bgZhm�hmsdqchbshnm�&Adkk�
ds� Zk-*ö 1/04(�nq� rddjhmf�onsdmshZk� rnktshnmr� sn� qdctbd�cd,
odmcdmbd� nm� Z� bnmrsqZhmdc� qdrntqbd� &RbgvhdsdqlZm� �
Lhkkdq*ö1/05(-�Gnvdudq*�sgd�hlodstr�nm�rdbtqhmf�qdrntqbd�
Zbbdrr� uhZ� bnlodshshnm� cqhudr� ELQ-� QCS� cndr� oqnuhcd�
rnld�dwokZmZshnm� enq�gnv� ehqlr�lZx�ZooqnZbg� qdrntqbd�
bnmrsqZhmsr�bqdZsdc�ax�sgd�rbZqbhsx�cdrbqhadc�hm�ELQ�sgd,
nqx-� RodbhehbZkkx*� udqshbZk� hmsdfqZshnm� sgqntfg� ldqfdqr�
Zmc� Zbpthrhshnm�lZx� rdqud� Zr� Z� enql� ne� ‘bnmrsqZhms� Za,
rnqoshnm–�ax�vghbg� sgd� ehql� hmsdqmZkhydr�Z� rntqbd�ne� sgd�
rbZqbd�qdrntqbd�sn�qdctbd�cdodmcdmbd�tonm�sgd�tmbdqsZhm�
dwsdqmZk�dmuhqnmldms�Zmc�qdrntqbd�oqnuhcdqr�&BZrbhZqn� �
Ohrjnqrjh*ö1//4(-�Vghkd�udqshbZk�hmsdfqZshnm�hr�Z�vZx�ehqlr�
lZx� Zbbdrr� qdrntqbdr� vhsghm� sgd� ELQ� sgdnqdshbZk� Zo,
oqnZbg*�ELQ�sgdnqx�dwokZhmr�Zmc�needqr�Z�uZqhdsx�ne�snnkr�
Zmc�rsqZsdfhdr�ehqlr�lZx�tshkhyd�sn�rdbtqd�qdrntqbdr-
EhmZkkx*�vd� bnmrhcdq� sgd�QdkZshnmZk�Uhdv�ne� sgd�Ehql�

&Cxdq� �Rhmfg*ö0887(*�vghbg�ntskhmdr�sgd�uZktd�ne�qdkZshnm,
rghor�Zr�Z�uZktZakd�ehql�qdrntqbd-�@r�ehqlr�cdudkno�rsqnmf�
qdkZshnmrghor�vhsg�rtookhdqr*� sgdx�lZx�dminx� sgd�ZbbqtZk�
ne�qdkZshnmZk�qdmsr*�vghbg�dmZakd�sgdl�sn�otqrtd�bnlodsh,
shud�ZcuZmsZfd�hm�Z�lZqjdsokZbd-�Qdrntqbd�rbZqbhsx�hr�sxoh,
bZkkx�mns�chrbtrrdc�tmcdq�sgd�QdkZshnmZk�Uhdv*�ats�vgdm�hs�
Zqhrdr*�rbZqbhsx�lZx�rdqud�Zr�Z�sgqdZs�sn�sgd�knmfduhsx�ne�dw,
bgZmfd�qdkZshnmrghor-�Sghr�hr�drodbhZkkx�sqtd�hm�sgd�bnmsdws�
ne�rsqnmf�bnlodshshnm�enq�qdrntqbdr�eqnl�’qdrntqbd�qhuZkr-–�
Sghr�bnlodshshnm�hr�vgdqd�ELQ�lZjdr�Z�tmhptd�bnmsqhat,
shnm-�Hmsdqdrshmfkx*� sgd�QdkZshnmZk�Uhdv�gZr�rxmdqfx�vhsg�
ELQ�vgdm�nmd�bnmrhcdqr�sgZs�Z�qdronmrd�sn�qdrntqbd�qh,
uZkqx�lZx�sZjd�sgd�enql�ne�athkchmf�bknrdq�anmcr�vhsg�jdx�

21581592, 2023, 1, D
ow

nloaded from
https://onlinelibrary.w

iley.com
/doi/10.1111/jbl.12320 by Liberty U

niversity, W
iley O

nline Library on [20/09/2023]. See the Term
s and C

onditions (https://onlinelibrary.w
iley.com

/term
s-and-conditions) on W

iley O
nline Library for rules of use; O

A
articles are governed by the applicable C

reative C
om

m
ons License

� � � z� 038E@BSNQ�L@QJDS�QHU@KQX9�@�SGDNQX�NE�RBL

rtookhdqr�ne�sgd�qdrntqbd*�rhlhkZq�sn�Z�’aqhcfhmf–�rsqZsdfx�
cdsZhkdc�hm�DkkqZl�ds�Zk-ö&1/02(-
Vghkd� chrbtrrhmf� aqnZc� sgdnqdshbZk� entmcZshnmr� Zmc�

bnloZqhmf� sgdl� sn� ELQ� hr� hlonqsZms*� sgdqd� Zqd� nsgdq�
sgdnqhdr� sgZs�gZud�addm�oqnlhmdmskx�trdc�Zr� sgdnqhdr�ne�
RBL-� Kdd� ds� Zk-ö &0886(� chrbtrrdc� sgd� atkkvgho� deedbs� hm�
rtookx�bgZhmr�Zmc�sgd�oqnakdl�ne�dhsgdq�Z�kZbj�ne�hmenqlZ,
shnm�nq�lhrhmenqlZshnm�adsvddm� rtookx� bgZhm�ldladqr-�
QdZkhyhmf�sgZs�vnqjhmf�adssdq�vhsg�oZqsmdqr�hr�hlonqsZms*�
Qhbgdx� ds� Zk-ö &1/0/(�oqnonrdc� Z� fnudqmZmbd� ZooqnZbg� sn�
hmsdfqZshnm� vhsghm� Z� ehql� Zmc� Zbqnrr� hsr� antmcZqhdr� sn�
hloqnud� ehql�odqenqlZmbd-�Sgd�Ztsgnqr�chrbtrr�aZqqhdqr�
Zmc�eZbhkhsZsnqr�sn�rtookx�bgZhm�hmsdfqZshnm�Zmc�ehmc�sgZs�
fnudqmhmf*� nq� lnqd� enqlZkkx� lZmZfhmf� sgd� hmsdfqZshnm�
oqnbdrr*�bZm�kdZc�sn�odqenqlZmbd�dmgZmbdldmsr-�Ansg�ne�
sgdrd� sgdnqdshbZk� eqZldvnqjr�Zqd� hlonqsZms� sn�RBL�Zmc�
qdlZhm� rdoZqZsd*� ats� trdetk�vgdm� bnmrhcdqhmf� sgd� ELQ�
sgdnqdshbZk�ZooqnZbg-
@� lnqd� qdbdms� odqrodbshud� vhsg� sgdnqdshbZk� qnnsr� hm�

RBL� hr� sgd� qdronmrhudmdrr� uhdv� ne� knfhrshbr� Zmc� rtookx�
bgZhm�lZmZfdldms� &K RBL(� &Qhbgdx� ds� Zk-*ö 1/11(-� Sgd�
Ztsgnqr� onrhs� sgZs� ehqlr�ltrs� ad� qdronmrhud� sn� cxmZlhb�
dmuhqnmldmsZk� bnmchshnmr� rn� ehql� nq� rtookx� bgZhm� ad,
gZuhnqr�nq�Zbshnmr�bZm�ad�Zksdqdc�sn�bnmshmtntrkx�cdkhudq�
btrsnldq� uZktd-� Nmd� hlldchZsd� oZqZkkdk� adsvddm� sgd�
ELQ� sgdnqdshbZk� ZooqnZbg� Zmc� sgd� qdronmrhudmdrr� uhdv�
ne�K RBL�hr�sgd�Zssdmshnm�sn�sgd�btrsnldq-�Ansg�sgdnqds,
hbZk�eqZldvnqjr�enbtr�nm�dmrtqhmf�btrsnldq�uZktd�bZm�ad�
cdkhudqdc�Zmc�rtffdrs� rtookx�bgZhm�Zcitrsldms� he�mdbdr,
rZqx�hm�sgd�qdronmrhudmdrr�uhdv�ne�K RBL�nq�rdbtqhmf�qd,
rntqbd�Zbbdrr�hm�sgd�bZrd�ne�sgd�ELQ�sgdnqdshbZk�ZooqnZbg-�
Sn� chrshmfthrg� adsvddm� sgd� svn� odqrodbshudr*� ZqftZakx�
ehqlr�hm�sgd�ELQ�sgdnqdshbZk�ZooqnZbg�Zqd�mns�ZkvZxr�qd,
ronmrhud-�QZsgdq�sgd�enbtr�nm�sgd�hmots�ne�oqnctbshnm�bqd,
Zsdr�mtZmbd�Zmc�hloZbsr�ehql�adgZuhnq�hm�vZxr�sgZs�lZx�
mns�ad�onrrhakd�hm�Z�gnkhrshb�uhdv�ne�qdronmrhudmdrr�vhsghm�
K RBL-
@mnsgdq� sgdnqdshbZk� entmcZshnm� qnnsdc� hm� RBL� hr� sgd�

sgdnqx�ne�bnlokdw�ZcZoshud� rxrsdlr� &B@R(-�B@R�dldqfd�
nudq� shld� hmsn�Z�ldZmhmfetk� enql:� hs� hr� qdoqdrdmsdc�ax�Z�
rxrsdl� vghbg� nqfZmhydr*� ZcZosr*� Zmc� qdnqfZmhydr� hsrdke�
vhsgnts� Zmx� nmd� oZqshbtkZq� dmshsx� bnmsqnkkhmf� nq� hmsdm,
shnmZkkx� lZmZfhmf� sgZs� dunktshnm� &GnkkZmc*ö 0884(-� Bgnh�
ds�Zk-ö&1//0(�Zmc�MZhq�ds�Zk-ö&1//8(�gZud�oqnonrdc�sgZs�mds,
vnqjr�ne�rtookhdqr�Zbs�Zr�Z�B@R�vgdqd�rsqtbstqd�Zmc�fnu,
dqmZmbd�ne�sgd�rtookx�mdsvnqjr�dldqfdr-
Nmd� rodbhehb� ZookhbZshnm� ne� rtookx� mdsvnqjr� Zbshmf�

Zr�B@R�hr�ZmZkxyhmf�sgd�deedbs�ne�rtookx�chrqtoshnmr�Zmc�
sgd� qddldqfdmbd� ne� mdsvnqjr� sn� Z� cdrhqZakd� rsZsd� &YgZn�
ds�Zk-*ö1/08(-�@cchshnmZkkx*�MZhq�ds�Zk-ö&1/05(�trd�B@R�Zmc�
rtookx�mdsvnqjr�sn�gdko�dwokZhm�sgd�dldqfdmbd�Zmc�roqdZc�
ne�dmuhqnmldmsZk�hmmnuZshnm-�Vgdqd�B@R�rsZmcr�hm�bnm,
sqZrs�vhsg�sgd�ELQ�sgdnqdshbZk�ZooqnZbg�hr�sgd�oqnlhmdmbd�

okZbdc� nm� sgd� ZbstZk� rtookhdqr� Zmc� rtookx� mdsvnqj� ne� Z�
eZbsnq�udqrtr�sgd�eZbsnq�hsrdke�&Bgnh�ds�Zk-*ö1//0(-�B@R�gdkor�
dwokZhm�gnv� rtookx�mdsvnqjr� bZm�chrqtos� rtookx� bgZhmr�
nq*�ZksdqmZshudkx*�gnv�rtookx�mdsvnqjr�bZm�chrodqrd�hmmn,
uZshnm�nq�nsgdq�onrhshud�Zssqhatsdr�Zlnmf�Z�rtookx�bgZhm-�
@r�rtbg*�ansg�B@R�Zmc�ELQ�rdqud�Zr�bnlokdldmsZqx�sgd,
nqdshbZk�odqrodbshudr*�Zmc�dwokZhm�cheedqdms�dkdldmsr�ne�qd,
kZsdc�ogdmnldmZ-
OdqgZor�vgdqd� rhlhkZqhshdr� dwhrs�adsvddm� sgd� sgdnqds,

hbZk�ZooqnZbgdr�ne�B@R�Zmc�ELQ�hr�sgd�tmqdZkhydc�bnl,
odshshnm� enq� mddcdc� eZbsnqr� ne� oqnctbshnm� fdmdqZsdc� ax�
bnlokdw�mdsvnqjr�ne�rtookhdqr-�Sghr�bnlokdw�mdsvnqj�ne�
rtookhdqr�lZx� bqdZsd� rdudqZk� nudqkZoohmf� atxdq.rtookhdq�
qdkZshnmrghor� knnrdkx� bntokhmf� sgd� bnlodshshnm� enq� oqnc,
tbsr� Zbqnrr� ehqlr� bnlodshmf� hm� cheedqdms� dmc,�bnmrtldq�
lZqjdsr�&MZhq�ds�Zk-*ö1//8:�MZhq� �Qddc,�SrnbgZr*ö1/08(-�@r�
rtbg*� sgd� bnlokdw� ZcZoshuhsx� ne� rtookx� bgZhmr�lZx� kdZc�
sn�Zm�dudq,�dunkuhmf�kZmcrbZod�hm�vghbg�ELQ�lZx�nbbtq-�
Lnqdnudq*� Zr� B@R� sgdnqx� hlokhdr� sgZs� sgd� rxrsdlr� dw,
ghahs�ZcZoshud�dkdldmsr*� sgdqd�ltrs�ad�Z�ldbgZmhrl�enq�
rZhc�ZcZosZshnm-�@bshnmr�sZjdm�ax�hmchuhctZk� ehqlr�vgdm�
bnmeqnmsdc�vhsg�ELQ�Zqd�itrs�nmd�ne�lZmx�Zbshuhshdr�sgZs�
bntkc�rotq�sgd�ZcZosZshnm�qdedqdmbdc�ax�B@R�sgdnqx-�Sghr�
dunktshnm�Zkrn�rodZjr�sn�sgd�bgZkkdmfdr�ne�fZhmhmf�ZvZqd,
mdrr� ne� ELQ� fhudm� sgd� sdlonqZk� mZstqd� ne� bnlodshshnm�
Zbqnrr�Z�mnmrsZshb�rxrsdl-
BZqsdq�ds�Zk-ö&1/04(�athkc�tonm�rtookx�mdsvnqjr�Zr�B@R�

vgdm� sgdx� oqnonrd� bnlonmdmsr� ne� Z� sgdnqx� ne� rtookx�
bgZhmr-�BZqsdq�Zmc�bnkkdZftdr�mnsdc�sgZs�rtookx�bgZhmr�Zqd�
mdsvnqjr� nodqZsdc� ax� Zssdlosr� Zs� bnmsqnk� Zmc� dldqfdms�
qdkZshnmrghor*� sgd�rtookx�bgZhm� hr� qdkZshud� sn�Z�oZqshbtkZq�
oqnctbs� Zmc� Zfdms*� Zmc� sgdqd� hr� Z� sdlonqZk� gnqhynm� enq�
vghbg�Z�ehql�hr�ZvZqd*�Zkknvhmf�hs�sn�oqdoZqd�enq�rnld�bnl,
odshshud�bgZkkdmfdr�vghkd�adhmf�tmZvZqd�ne�nsgdqr-�Vghkd�
BZqsdq�ds�Zk-ö&1/04(�Zbjmnvkdcfd�sgd�uZktd�ne�sgd�oqnctbs�
hm�hloZbshmf�sgd�sgdnqx�ne�sgd�rtookx�bgZhm*�sgd�enbtr�hr�
sgd�qdkZshnmrgho�adsvddm� ehql�Zmc�rtookx�bgZhm�oZqsmdq-�
Enq�dwZlokd*�AZkr�Zmc�SZsdö&1/07(�hmbnqonqZsd�sgd�hcdZ�ne�
rtrsZhmZahkhsx�vhsg�sgd�sgdnqx�ne�rtookx�bgZhmr�vgdm�sgdx�
rtffdrs� sgZs� sgd� shld� sn� bnmrhcdq� rtrsZhmZahkhsx� hr� Zs� sgd�
rtookx� bgZhm� cdrhfm� rsZfd-�@r� Z� qdrtks*� sgd� Ztsgnqr� oqn,
uhcd�rtookx�bgZhm�bnmehftqZshnmr�adsvddm�oZqsmdqr�sn�dm,
bnloZrr� dbnmnlhb*� dmuhqnmldmsZk*� Zmc� rnbhZk� ntsbnldr�
admdehbhZk�sn�Z�uZqhdsx�ne�rsZjdgnkcdqr-�Etqsgdq*�JZtelZmm�
ds� Zk-ö &1/05(� rtffdrs� Zookxhmf� sgd� sgdnqx� ne� sgd� rtookx�
bgZhm�sn�lhshfZsd�sgd�qhrj�ne�rtookx�chrqtoshnm�ax�kdudqZf,
hmf�sgd�qdkZshnmrghor�adsvddm�Z�enbZk�ehql�Zmc�rtookhdqr-
Sgd� oqnlhmdmbd� ne� cxZchb� rtookx� qdkZshnmrghor� hm�

sgd� sgdnqx�ne� sgd� rtookx� bgZhm�chrshmfthrgdr� hs� eqnl� sgd�
ELQ�sgdnqdshbZk�ZooqnZbg-�Sgd�ELQ�sgdnqdshbZk�ZooqnZbg�
uhdvr�hloqnudc�rtookx�bgZhm�qdkZshnmrghor�Zr�itrs�nmd�Zu,
dmtd�Zlnmf�lZmx�sn�cdZk�vhsg�onsdmshZk�qdrntqbd�rgnqs,
Zfdr-� @cchshnmZk� ZooqnZbgdr� hmbktcd� rddjhmf� rtarshstsd�

21581592, 2023, 1, D
ow

nloaded from
https://onlinelibrary.w

iley.com
/doi/10.1111/jbl.12320 by Liberty U

niversity, W
iley O

nline Library on [20/09/2023]. See the Term
s and C

onditions (https://onlinelibrary.w
iley.com

/term
s-and-conditions) on W

iley O
nline Library for rules of use; O

A
articles are governed by the applicable C

reative C
om

m
ons License

04.� z� � � Q@KRSNM�et�al-

hmotsr�nq� hmmnuZshnm-�@mnsgdq�cheedqdmshZshmf�edZstqd�ad,
svddm�sgd�ELQ�sgdnqdshbZk�ZooqnZbg�Zmc�sgd�sgdnqx�ne�sgd�
rtookx�bgZhm�hr�sgZs�ELQ�eqZldr�rdquhbdr�Zr�Z�rsZmcZknmd�
eZbsnq�enq�vghbg�bnloZmhdr�bnlodsd-�Hm�sgdhq�vnqj*�BZqsdq�
ds�Zk-ö&1/04(�ldmshnm�sgZs�rdquhbd�rtookx�bgZhmr�lZx�mns�
ad�etkkx�dwokZhmdc�ax�sgd�sgdnqx�ne�sgd�rtookx�bgZhm-
@esdq� bnloZqhmf� Zmc� bnmsqZrshmf� sgd� nsgdq� sgdnqhdr�

chrbtrrdc�hm�sghr�qdrdZqbg*�nmd�bZm�rdd�sgd�ZookhbZahkhsx�ne�
uZqhntr� sgdnqdshbZk� entmcZshnmr� sn� nardqudc� ogdmnldmZ�
hm�RBL-�BdqsZhm�sgdnqhdr*�rtbg�Zr�B@R�Zmc�sgd�sgdnqx�ne�
sgd�rtookx�bgZhm*�gZud�rsqnmf�okZbdldms�Zr�sgdnqhdr�oqd,
cnlhmZmskx�hm�sgd�rtookx�bgZhm�cnlZhm-�Khjdvhrd*�vd�ad,
khdud�sgd�ELQ�sgdnqdshbZk�ZooqnZbg�oqnuhcdr�tmhptd�uZktd�
sn� sgd�rtookx�bgZhm�chrbhokhmd�adbZtrd�ne� hsr�jdx�bgZqZb,
sdqhrshbr-�Vghkd� ltbg� chrbtrrhnm� enbtrdr� nm� sgd� rtookx�
rhcd� ne� sgd� rtookx� bgZhm*� sgd� ELQ� sgdnqdshbZk� ZooqnZbg�
bnmrhcdqr�sgd�eknv�ne�oqnctbs�Zmc�rdquhbdr�ansg�torsqdZl�
Zmc�cnvmrsqdZl�&SZsd�ds�Zk-*ö1/04(-�@�onrrhakd�oqdbtqrnq�
sn� Z� ehql|r� ZvZqdmdrr� ne� ELQ� hsrdke� hr� dwodqhdmbhmf� dw,
odbsdc�cdlZmc�Zmc�sgdm�adhmf�tmbdqsZhm�ne�sgd�Zahkhsx�sn�
rdbtqd�rtookx�nq�bZoZbhsx�sn�ldds�sgZs�cdlZmc-�Mdws*�sgd�
ELQ�sgdnqdshbZk�ZooqnZbg�hmbnqonqZsdr�sdlonqZk�rbZqbhsx�
ne�oqnctbsr�Zmc�rdquhbdr�Zmc�sgd�uZktd�ne�lZmZfhmf�sgdhq�
eknv�vhsghm� Z� rtookx� bgZhm-� KZrskx*� sgd� ELQ� sgdnqdshbZk�
ZooqnZbg�hr�aZrdc�nm�sgd�tmcdqrsZmchmf�sgZs�ehqlr*�drod,
bhZkkx�sgnrd�vhsg�Zm�RBN*�vhkk�dmcdZunq�sn�lZmZfd�rntqbdr�
ne�rtookx�&nq�cdkhudqx�ne�oqnctbs(�vhsg�ehqrs,�shdq�oZqsmdqr-�
Sgdrd�qdkZshnmrghor�qdoqdrdms�sgnrd�sgZs�ehqlr�bZm�lZmZfd�
Zmc�onsdmshZkkx�kdZm�nm�vgdm�eZbdc�vhsg�ELQ-�Bnlahmdc*�
sgdrd�bgZqZbsdqhrshbr�lZjd�sgd�ELQ�sgdnqdshbZk�ZooqnZbg�
Z�sgdnqx�ne�RBL-
SZakdö1�oqnuhcdr�Z�aqhde�rtllZqx�ne�sgd�qduhdvdc�sgd,

nqhdr� bnloZqdc� rodbhehbZkkx� sn� sgd� ELQ� sgdnqdshbZk� Zo,
oqnZbg-�Sgd�jdx� sdmdsr�ne� dZbg� sgdnqx*� dwdlokZq�oZodqr*�
Zmc� gnv� sgd� sgdnqx� hr� ansg� rhlhkZq� Zmc� cheedqdms� sn� sgd�
ELQ�sgdnqdshbZk�ZooqnZbg�Zqd�cdrbqhadc-

ETSTPD�PDRD:PBG

@r� ELQ� qdrdZqbg� hr� rshkk� hm� hsr� hmeZmbx�vhsghm� sgd� RBL�
chrbhokhmd*�rtffdrsdc�etstqd�qdrdZqbg�bZm�dwoknqd�ltkshokd�
snohb�ZqdZr-�Vghkd�vd�needq�rnld�rtffdrshnmr*�okdZrd�mnsd�
sgd�ZqdZr�ne�etstqd�qdrdZqbg�Zqd�mtldqntr�rhmbd�sgd�ELQ�
sgdnqdshbZk� ZooqnZbg� hr� Z� bqhshbZk� entmcZshnm� enq� rtookx,�
rhcd�bnlodshshnm�sn�mddcdc�ehql�qdrntqbdr-
Nmd� ne� sgd� lnrs� nauhntr� ZqdZr� enq� etstqd� qdrdZqbg�

bdmsdqr� nm� qdrntqbd� sxod� Zmc� ZuZhkZahkhsx-� Vghkd� mnsdc�
qdrntqbdr� hm�rgnqs� rtookx�Zqd� sxohbZkkx�rnld�sxod�ne� qZv�
lZsdqhZk� hmots�nq�bnlonmdms*� sgdqd�Zqd� hmmtldqZakd� qd,
rntqbdr� enq�vghbg� bnloZmhdr�lZx� bnlodsd-�Shfgs� kZanq�
lZqjdsr� enq� rjhkkdc�vnqjdqr� rgnv� sgZs�gtlZm� qdrntqbdr�
lZx� kdZc� sn� hmsdmrd� qhuZkqx�vhsghm�Zmc�Zbqnrr� hmctrsqhdr�

&QZkrsnm� ds� Zk-*ö 1/06(-� BnloZmhdr�lZx� Zkrn� bnlodsd� enq�
khlhsdc�rntqbdr�ne�bZohsZk�enq�hmudrsldms�nq�cdudknoldms-�
DkkqZl�ds�Zk-ö &1/02(�chrbtrr� ehqlr�Zbqnrr� hmctrsqhdr�bnl,
odshmf�enq�bnmrsqZhmdc�sqZmronqsZshnm�rdquhbdr�Zmc�bZoZb,
hsx-� Sgd� noonqstmhshdr� sn� dwoknqd� Zmc� hmudrshfZsd� ehqlr|�
mddcdc�qdrntqbdr*�dudm�sgnrd�mns�chqdbskx�qdkZsdc�sn�Z�ehm,
hrgdc�fnnc*�Zqd�dmckdrr-�Cndr�eZbsnq�lZqjds�qhuZkqx�cheedq�
enq� mnmogxrhbZk� qdrntqbdr� mns� shdc� chqdbskx� sn� Z� ehmhrgdc�
oqnctbs;�Vhkk� bnloZmhdr�ad�lnqd� khjdkx� sn� rddj�ZksdqmZ,
shudr�enq�mnmbqhshbZk*�ats�bnmrsqZhmdc�eZbsnqr;�Vhkk�khlhsdc�
eZbsnq�ZuZhkZahkhsx�adsvddm�nmkx�Z�edv�okZxdqr�kdZc�sn�eZbsnq�
lZqjds�bnkktrhnm;�Sgdrd�Zqd�itrs�Z�edv�ne�sgd�lZmx�onrrh,
akd�ptdrshnmr�enq�dwoknqZshnm-
Shfgskx� bnmrsqZhmdc� qdrntqbd� Zbbdrr*� Zr�vdkk� Zr� eZbsnq�

lZqjds� lxnohZ*� lZx� rotq� khshfZshnm� nudq� qdrntqbd� onrh,
shnmr-�Adkk� ds�Zk-ö &1/01(� sZkj�Zants�mZstqZk� qdrntqbd� rbZq,
bhsx�Zmc�sgd�hmsdmrd�bnlodshshnm�sgZs�lZx�qdrtks�enq�sgdrd�
khlhsdc�qdrntqbdr-�He�qdrntqbdr�Zqd�khlhsdc*�vhkk�ehqlr�knnj�
enq� ZksdqmZshud� vZxr� sn� Zbbdrr� sgdrd� qdrntqbdr� hmbktchmf�
sgqntfg�kdfZk�Zbshnm;�KhshfZshnm*�mZshnmZkhyZshnm*�Zmc�on,
khshbZk� Zbshnm�lZx� Zkrn� rdqud� Zr� Z� rodbhehb� ELQ� rsqZsdfx�
&BZoqnm� � BgZsZhm*ö 1//7:�LbVhkkhZlr� ds� Zk-*ö 1//1(-� @r�
Zm� dwZlokd*� nmd� rtookhdq� ne� ZtsnlZjdq� RsdkkZmshr� ehkdc�
Zm� dldqfdmbx� nqcdq�vhsg� Z�T-R-� EdcdqZk� Bntqs� Zssdlos,
hmf�sn�enqbd�Z�rdlhbnmctbsnq�lZmteZbstqdq�sn�oqnuhcd�sgd�
rtookhdq� rdlhbnmctbsnqr� &Mdkkhr� �JkZxlZm*ö1/10(-�Sghr�
dldqfdmbx� nqcdq� vZr� cdmhdc� Zesdq� sgd� rdlhbnmctbsnq�
lZmteZbstqdq�vZr�Zakd�sn�rgnv�mn�bnmsqZbstZk�nakhfZshnm�
sn�sgd�rtookhdq-�Bntkc nsgdq�ehqlr�Zssdlos�sn�enqbd�rtookh,
dqr�sn�oqnuhcd�sgdl�hmotsr�hm�rgnqs�rtookx�sgqntfg�kdfZk�Zu,
dmtdr;�@ksdqmZshudkx*�vntkc�lnqd�ehmZmbhZkkx�rsZakd�ehqlr�
otqrtd�onkhshbZk�nq�kdfZk�Zbshnm�ZfZhmrs�Z�kdrr�rdbtqd�qhuZk�
rhlokx� Zr� Z�vZx� sn� kdmfsgdm� sgd� Zlntms� ne� shld� adenqd�
Z�qhuZk�bntkc�Zbpthqd�qdrntqbdr�Zmc�ad�bnlodshshudkx�rtb,
bdrretk;� Etstqd� qdrdZqbg� rgntkc� hmudrshfZsd� bntqs� ehkhmfr�
Zmc�Zmshsqtrs�bZrdr�cdZkhmf�vhsg�qdrntqbd�Zbbdrr�ptdrshnmr�
Zmc�Zssdlos�sn�tmcdqrsZmc�sgd�lnshuZshnm�enq�kdfZk�Zbshnm�
trhmf�sgd�ELQ�sgdnqdshbZk�ZooqnZbg�hm�Zm�RBL�cnlZhm-
@mnsgdq� Zudmtd� enq� etstqd� qdrdZqbg� cdZkr� vhsg� sgd�

sdlonqZk� mZstqd� ne� ELQ� bnlodshshnm-� Nesdmshldr*� qd,
rdZqbg�Zrrtldr�Z�rsZshb�mZstqd�ne�RBL�hm�vghbg�he�Z�qd,
rntqbd� hr� bnmrsqZhmdc*� sgd� nmkx� vZx� sgZs� qdrntqbd� vhkk�
ad�ZuZhkZakd�hr�he�Zm�ZksdqmZshud�rtookx�rntqbd�hr�rntfgs�
nq� Z� qdrntqbd� trdq� adbnldr� dwshmbs-� Sghr� odqrodbshud�
hfmnqdr�sgd�sdlonqZk�mZstqd�ne�rtookx�bgZhmr�vgdm�qd,
rntqbdr�lZx�ad�bnmrsqZhmdc�Zs�cheedqdms�shld�odqhncr�nq�
vgdqd� rtookx� bgZhm� oqnbdrrdr� bqdZsd� bnmrsqZhmsr� ctd�
sn� rnld� ntsrhcd� enqbd-� RlZkk� oZqbdk� sqZmronqsZshnm� bZ,
oZbhsx� adbnldr�lnqd� bnmrsqZhmdc� hm� sgd�Tmhsdc� RsZsdr�
ctqhmf�sgd�Vhmsdq�GnkhcZx�rdZrnm-�Rghoodqr�Zmc�sqZmr,
onqsZshnm�oqnuhcdqr�gZud�sn�oqdoZqd�enq�sghr�bnmrsqZhmdc�
bZoZbhsx�sgZs�chrrhoZsdr�Zesdq�sgd�gnkhcZxr-�Hm�Z�rdoZqZsd�
dwZlokd� ne� sdlonqZk� rbZqbhsx*� sgd� fknaZk� BNUHC,�08�

21581592, 2023, 1, D
ow

nloaded from
https://onlinelibrary.w

iley.com
/doi/10.1111/jbl.12320 by Liberty U

niversity, W
iley O

nline Library on [20/09/2023]. See the Term
s and C

onditions (https://onlinelibrary.w
iley.com

/term
s-and-conditions) on W

iley O
nline Library for rules of use; O

A
articles are governed by the applicable C

reative C
om

m
ons License

� � � z� 040E@BSNQ�L@QJDS�QHU@KQX9�@�SGDNQX�NE�RBL

S
:

A
K
D
�3

Dw
hr
shm
f�
sg
dn
qx
�b
nl
oZ
qh
rn
m�
v
hsg
�sg
d�
EL

Q
�sg
dn
qd
shb
Zk
�Z
oo
qn
Zb
g

S
gd

nq
x

D
wd

l
ok

Yq
�o

Yo
dq

r
S
xo

hb
Yk

�t
mh

s�n
e�

Ym
Yk

xr
hr

J
dx

�sY
id

Yv
Yx

Rh
l

hkY
qh
sh
dr

�sn
�E

L
P

C
he
ed

qd
mb

dr
�eq

nl
�E

L
P

Rn
bh
Zk
�M
ds
v
nq
j�

Sg
dn
qx

F
qZ
mn
ud
ssd
qö&
08
74
(*�
An
qf
Zs
sh�
Zm
c�

Kh
ö&1
//
8(
*�J
hl
�d
s�Z
k-ö
&1
/0
0(

M
ds
v
nq
j�
ne

Zb
sn
qr

Ad
md
ehs
r�d
wh
rs
�sn
�eh
ql
r�v
gn
�Z
qd
�Z
bs
hu
d�

oZ
qs
hb
ho
Zm
sr
�v
hsg
hm
�Z
�rt
oo
kx
�b
gZ
hm

md
sv
nq
j

En
ql
hm
f�
qd
kZ
shn
mr
gh
or
�b
Zm

aq
hm
f�
Zb
bd
rr
�sn
�m
dd
cd
c�

hm
ot
sr

T
mh
s�n
e�Z
mZ
kx
rh
r:�
Q
dk
Zs
hn
mr
gh
or
�b
Zm

kd
Zc
�sn
�Z
cu
Zm
sZ
fd

Q
dr
nt
qb
d,
�aZ
rd
c�
U
hd
v

Od
mq
nr

&0
84
8(
*�V
dq
md
qe
dk
sö&
08
73
(*�

AZ
qm
dx
ö&0
87
5a
*�0
88
0(
*�Q
hb
gd
x�

ds
�Z
k-ö
&1
//
6(

Eh
ql

Eh
ql
r�b
Zm
�c
du
dk
no
�Z
�g
ds
dq
nf
dm
dn
tr

qd
rn
tq
bd
�a
Zr
d�
Zk
kn
v
hm
f�
en
q�

ch
eed
qd
ms
hZ
shn
m�
Zm
c�
bn
l
od
shs
hu
d�

Zc
uZ
ms
Zf
d

@
�qd
Zk
hy
Zs
hn
m�
sg
Zs
�rd
bt
qh
mf

Zr
rd
s�r
sn
bj
r�n
q�Z
rr
ds

Zb
bd
rr
�hr
�hl
on
qs
Zm
s

T
mh
s�n
e�Z
mZ
kx
rh
r:�
@
�g
ds
dq
nf
dm
dn
tr

qd
rn
tq
bd
�a
Zr
d�
bZ
m�
rd
bt
qd

Z�
rt
rs
Zh
mZ
ak
d�
bn
l
od
shs
hu
d�

Zc
uZ
ms
Zf
d

Q
dr
nt
qb
d,
�Zc
uZ
ms
Zf
d�

Sg
dn
qx

G
tm
s�Z
mc
�L
nq
fZ

&0
88
5(
*�G
tm
s�

Zm
c�
C
Zu
hr
ö&1
/0
1(

Eh
ql

Eh
ql
r�b
Zm
�c
du
dk
no
�Z
�b
nl
oZ
qZ
shu
d�

Zc
uZ
ms
Zf
d�
hm
�sg
d�
l
Zq
jd
so
kZ
bd

aZ
rd
c�
to
nm
�sg
d�
at
mc
kd
r�n
e�

qd
rn
tq
bd
r�s
gd
x�
rd
bt
qd

Eh
ql
r�b
nl
od
shm
f�
en
q�

rt
oo
kx
,�r
hc
d�
qd
rn
tq
bd
r

Eh
ql
r�r
dd
jh
mf
�qd
rn
tq
bd
�a
Zr
dr

en
q�b
nl
od
shs
hu
d�
Zc
uZ
ms
Zf
d:

Eh
ql
r�b
nl
od
shm
f�
nm
kx
�v
hsg

cn
v
mr
sq
dZ
l
�l
Zq
jd
so
kZ
bd

bn
l
od
shs
nq
r�n
m�
rt
oo
kx
,�r
hc
d�

rn
tq
bh
mf

Q
dr
nt
qb
d�

C
do
dm
cd
mb
d�

Sg
dn
qx

Oe
de
ed
q�Z
mc
�R
Zk
Zm
bh

&0
86
7(
*�

OZ
tk
qZ
i�Z
mc
�B
gd

&1
//
6(

Q
dr
nt
qb
d

@
m�
hm
Za
hkh
sx
�sn
�rd
bt
qd
�Z
oo
qn
oq
hZ
sd

pt
Zm
shs
hd
r�n
e�Z
�m
dd
cd
c�
qd
rn
tq
bd

bZ
tr
d�
Z�
ehq
l
|r�
cd
od
mc
dm
bd
�n
m�
Zm

dw
sd
qm
Zk
�o
Zq
sm
dq

T
mh
s�n
e�Z
mZ
kx
rh
r:�
@

qd
Zk
hy
Zs
hn
m�
sg
Zs

rd
bt
qh
mf
�Z
bb
dr
r�s
n�

qd
rn
tq
bd
r�h
r�h
l
on
qs
Zm
s

@
�o
qd
cn
l
hm
Zm
s�e
nb
tr
�n
m�
cd
Zk
hm
f�

v
hsg
�o
nv
dq
�hl
aZ
kZ
mb
dr
�Z
mc

qd
kZ
shn
mr
gh
o�
cx
mZ
l
hb
r�v
hsg
hm

at
xd
q.
rt
oo
khd
q�q
dk
Zs
hn
mr
gh
or

Q
dk
Zs
hn
mZ
k�U
hd
v
�n
e�

sg
d�
Eh
ql

C
xd
q�Z
mc
�R
hm
fg
ö&0
88
7(
*�R
sZ
mj

ds
�Z
k-ö
&1
//
0(

Q
dk
Zs
hn
mr
gh
o

Eh
ql
r�r
gn
tk
c�
cd
ud
kn
o�
rs
qn
mf

qd
kZ
shn
mr
gh
or
�v
hsg
�j
dx
�o
Zq
sm
dq
r�

sn
�o
qn
uh
cd
fq
dZ
sd
q�b
tr
sn
l
dq

uZ
kt
d�
sg
Zm
�he
�d
hsg
dq
�o
Zq
sx
�Z
bs
dc
�hm

hr
nk
Zs
hn
m

En
ql
hm
f�
Z�
qd
kZ
shn
mr
gh
o�

bZ
m�
ad
�Z
�l
dZ
mh
mf
et
k�

Zo
oq
nZ
bg
�sn
�rd
bt
qd

qd
rn
tq
bd
�Z
bb
dr
r

Ad
md
ehs
r�e
qn
l
�v
nq
jh
mf
�v
hsg
�Z
mn
sg
dq

oZ
qs
x�
rg
nt
kc
�sx
oh
bZ
kkx
�kd
Zc

sn
�d
eeh
bh
dm
bh
dr
�Z
mc
�hl
oq
nu
dc

od
qe
nq
l
Zm
bd

Q
dr
on
mr
hu
dm
dr
r�U
hd
v

ne
�K

RB
L

Q
hb
gd
x�
ds
�Z
k-ö
&1
/1
1(

Eh
ql
*�
Q
dk
Zs
hn
mr
gh
o*

nq
�M
ds
v
nq
j�
ne

Zb
sn
qr

Eh
ql
r�l

tr
s�q
dr
on
mc
*�s
gq
nt
fg
�sg
dh
q�

Zb
shn
mr
�n
q�s
gq
nt
fg
�sg
nr
d�
ne
�sg
dh
q�

rt
oo
kx
�b
gZ
hm
r*�
sn
�c
xm
Zl
hb
�l
Zq
jd
s�

bn
mc
hsh
nm
r�h
m�
nq
cd
q�s
n�
cd
khu
dq

bt
rs
nl
dq
uZ
kt
d

Dm
rt
qh
mf
�sg
d�
cd
khu
dq
x�
ne

bt
rs
nl
dq
�u
Zk
td

Q
dr
on
mc
hm
f�
sn
�c
xm
Zl
hb
�l
Zq
jd
s�

bn
mc
hsh
nm
r�v
hsg
�kd
rr
�en
bt
r�n
m�

hm
ot
s�Z
bb
dr
r

B
nl
ok
dw
�@
cZ
os
hu
d�

Rx
rs
dl
r

G
nk
kZ
mc
ö&0
88
4(
:�B
gn
h�d
s�Z
k-ö
&1
//
0(
*�

M
Zh
q�d
s�Z
k-ö
&1
//
8(

M
ds
v
nq
j
ne

Zb
sn
qr

Rx
rs
dl
r�d
l
dq
fd
�a
Zr
dc
�n
m�

nq
fZ
mh
yZ
shn
mZ
k�l
dl
ad
qr
gh
o�
sg
Zs

Zc
Zo
s�Z
mc
�qd
nq
fZ
mh
yd
�sg
dl
rd
ku
dr

aZ
rd
c�
nm
�l
dl
ad
q�Z
bs
hn
mr

T
mq
dZ
khy
dc
�b
nl
od
shs
hn
m�

bZ
m�
dw
hr
s�e
nq
�m
dd
cd
c�

qd
rn
tq
bd
r�a
db
Zt
rd
�n
e�

sg
d�
nu
dq
kZ
o�
dw
hr
shm
f�
hm

rt
oo
kx
�m
ds
v
nq
jr

T
mh
s�n
e�Z
mZ
kx
rh
r:�
Sg
d�
md
sv
nq
j*
�Z
mc

hsr
�Z
ah
khs
x�
sn
�b
nm
sq
nk
�qd
rn
tq
bd

ekn
v

Sg
dn
qx
�n
e�R
to
ok
x�

B
gZ
hm
r

B
Zq
sd
q�d
s�Z
k-ö
&1
/0
4(

M
ds
v
nq
j�
ne

Zb
sn
qr

Rt
oo
kx
�b
gZ
hm
�b
nm
ehf
tq
Zs
hn
mr
�c
du
dk
no

Zk
kn
v
hm
f�
Z�
ehq
l
�sn
�l
dd
s�b
dq
sZ
hm

bn
l
od
shs
hu
d�
bg
Zk
kd
mf
dr
�g
dZ
c�
nm

v
gh
kd
�a
dh
mf
�t
mZ
v
Zq
d�
ne
�n
sg
dq
r

Eh
ql
r�l

Zx
�c
du
dk
no

qd
kZ
shn
mr
gh
or
�v
hsg

rt
oo
kx
�b
gZ
hm
�o
Zq
sm
dq
r�

sn
�a
ds
sd
q�t
mc
dq
rs
Zm
c�

l
Zq
jd
s�b
nm
ch
shn
mr
�Z
mc

rd
bt
qd
�qd
rn
tq
bd
�Z
bb
dr
r

Rt
oo
kx
�qd
kZ
shn
mr
gh
or
�Z
qd

oZ
qZ
l
nt
ms
-�R
dq
uh
bd
�rt
oo
kx

bg
Zh
mr
�Z
qd
�kZ
qf
dk
x�
hf
mn
qd
c

21581592, 2023, 1, D
ow

nloaded from
https://onlinelibrary.w

iley.com
/doi/10.1111/jbl.12320 by Liberty U

niversity, W
iley O

nline Library on [20/09/2023]. See the Term
s and C

onditions (https://onlinelibrary.w
iley.com

/term
s-and-conditions) on W

iley O
nline Library for rules of use; O

A
articles are governed by the applicable C

reative C
om

m
ons License

041� z� � � Q@KRSNM�et�al-

oZmcdlhb� khlhsdc� ennc� oqnbdrrnqr|� bZoZbhsx� &FZkkZfgdq�
�JhqjkZmc*ö 1/1/(-�Sgd� khedbxbkd�ne� bZsskd�chc�mns� rsno*�
dudm�sgntfg�oqnbdrrnqr*�Z�bqhshbZk�okZxdq�hm�ennc�rtookx�
bgZhmr*�vdqd�bknrdc�sgqntfgnts�sgd�Lhcvdrsdqm�onqshnm�
ne�sgd�Tmhsdc�RsZsdr�ctqhmf�odqhncr�ne�shld�hm�1/1/�ctd�
sn� BNUHC,�08� oqnsnbnkr-� Sgdrd� rgtscnvmr� qdrtksdc� hm�
bZsskd� Zmc� onqj� eZqldqr� bnlodshmf� enq� tksqZ,�bnmehmdc�
roZbd�hm�oqnbdrrnqr|�oqnctbshnm�rbgdctkdr-�EZqldqr�vgn�
vdqd�tmZakd�sn�ehmc�ZcdptZsd�oqnbdrrhmf�qnnl�enq�sgdhq�
bZsskd�ZbstZkkx�gZc�sn�dtsgZmhyd�ZmhlZkr�hmrsdZc�ne�oqn,
bdrrhmf�sgdl�ctd�sn�hmsdmrd�sdlonqZk�ELQ-
@r� Z� qdrtks� ne� sgd� fknaZk� oZmcdlhb� Zmc� nsgdq�lZinq�

fknaZk� rtookx� hmsdqqtoshnmr� hm� qdbdms� xdZqr*� bnloZmhdr�
Zmc� fnudqmldmsr� gZud� adbnld� lnqd� ZvZqd� Zmc� bnm,
bdqmdc�Zants�sgd�qhrj�ZrrnbhZsdc�vhsg�rtookx�lZqjds�hmsdq,
qtoshnmr�ne�Zkk� sxodr-�Bnmrhcdqhmf� sgd�onsdmshZk� enq�ELQ�
enq� uZqhntr� hmotsr� oqnuhcdr� Z� knfhbZk�vZx� enq� bnloZmhdr�
sn�tmcdqrsZmc�onsdmshZk�enq�qhrj�Zmc�oqnZbshudkx�bnmrhcdq�
lhshfZshnm� rsqZsdfhdr� enq� sgd� lnrs� onsdmshZkkx� cZlZfhmf�
qhuZkqhdr-
@mnsgdq�qdrdZqbg�noonqstmhsx�trhmf�sgd�ELQ�sgdnqds,

hbZk�ZooqnZbg�hr�sgZs�ne�sgd�cdudknohmf�bhqbtkZq�dbnmnlx�
cdZkhmf�vhsg�khlhshmf�sgd�Zcchshnm�ne�mdv�qdrntqbdr�sn�dw,
hrshmf�rntqbdr�ne�rtookx�Zmc�nudqZkk�rtrsZhmZahkhsx�&GZydm�
ds�Zk-*ö1/10(-�Enq�dwZlokd*�bdqsZhm�qdsZhkdqr�Zqd�cdudknohmf�
ldsgncr� sn� rgho�oqnctbsr� hm� qdtrZakd�bnmsZhmdqr�Zmc*� hm�
rnld�bZrdr*�oZqsmdqr�vhsghm�Zm�dmshqd�hmctrsqx�Zqd�rgZqhmf�
sgd�rZld�qdtrZakd�bnmsZhmdqr�Zbqnrr�qdsZhk�bnlodshsnqr�Zmc�
torsqdZl�oZqsmdqr�&Dkkdm�LZb@qsgtq�EntmcZsZhnm*ö1/1/(-�
Sghr� bntkc� qdoqdrdms� Z� sxod� ne� enqadZqZmbd� qdronmrd� sn�
bnlodshmf� enq� qdrntqbdr� rtbg� Zr� anwdr� nq� rghoohmf� bnq,
qtfZsd-� Gnvdudq*� vd� bntkc� dmuhrhnm� Z� rbdmZqhn� vgdqd�
ELQ� cdudknor� enq� sgdrd� qdtrZakd� bnmsZhmdqr� adsvddm�
oZqsmdqr�hm�sghr�knnodc�rtookx�bgZhm*�Zr�gZr�nbbtqqdc�enq�
rghoohmf� bnmsZhmdqr� ctqhmf� sgd� fknaZk� BNUHC,�08� oZm,
cdlhb� &Adqfdq*ö 1/10(-� He� cdlZmc� rtqfdr� qdpthqdc� lnqd�
rgholdmsr*� Zmc� sgdqd�vdqd� Z� rbZqbd�mtladq� ne� qdtrZakd�
bnmsZhmdqr�ZuZhkZakd*�sgd�rtrsZhmZakd�qdkZshnmrgho�adsvddm�
oZqshdr�lZx�ad�hfmnqdc�Zr�rtookx�bgZhm�ldladqr�bnlodsd�
enq� sgdrd� qdtrZakd� bnmsZhmdqr-� HmudrshfZshmf� sgd� qdkZshnm,
rgho�adsvddm�ELQ�vhsg�sgd�nudqZqbghmf�naidbshudr�ne�rn,
bhZk�Zmc�dmuhqnmldmsZk�rtrsZhmZahkhsx� hr�Z�vZx�sn� etqsgdq�
ZcuZmbd�sgd�ELQ�sgdnqdshbZk�ZooqnZbg-
Vd�gZud�ZcunbZsdc� sgZs� rtookx�bgZhmr�Zqd�bnloqhrdc�

ne� ltkshokd� dmshshdr� Zmc� Z� ehql|r� RBN� bZm� cqhud� rtookx�
bgZhm�ldladqrgho� Zmc� Zbshnmr-� Nmd� ZqdZ� sgZs� cdrdqudr�
etqsgdq�Zssdmshnm�hr�sgZs�ne�rtookx�mdsvnqjr�Zmc�sgd�bnno,
dqZshnm�nq�bn,�nodshshnm�sgZs�bZm�dwhrs�vgdm�ehqlr�cdbhcd*�
hmcdodmcdmskx*� sgZs�vnqjhmf� snfdsgdq�lZx�ad�admdehbhZk-�
Sgdqd�hr�Zm�noonqstmhsx�sgZs�ELQ�vhkk�oqdrdms� hsrdke�che,
edqdmskx� vgdm� rnld� jmnvm� lZqjds� nudqkZo� dwhrsr-� Enq�
dwZlokd*�Bgdmö&0885(�chrbtrrdr�enqadZqZmbd�adsvddm�che,
edqdms� Zhqkhmdr� sgZs�gZud�lZqjds�nudqkZo-�Nmd�Zhqkhmd*�@*�

lZx�’kdZc–�hm�nmd�lZqjds�vgdqd�hmudrsldmsr�Zqd�fqdZsdq�
Zmc�sgd�nsgdq�Zhqkhmd*�A*�sgZs�nodqZsdr�hm�sgZs�lZqjds*�lZx�
Zbs�kdrr�bnlodshshudkx�rn�sgZs�@�Zbsr�hm�Z�rhlhkZq�lZmmdq�
hm�Z�lZqjds�vgdqd�A�gZr�fqdZsdq�hmudrsldmsr-�XhlfZ�Zmc�
Fnqihcnnyö&1/08(�etqsgdq�sghr�qdrdZqbg�vgdqd�sgd�Ztsgnqr�
ZmZkxyd�sgd�deedbs�ne�bncd,�rgZqhmf*�rdkkhmf�Z�khlhsdc�mtl,
adq�ne�rdZsr�nm�Z�oZqsmdq|r�Zhqkhmd*�sn�cheedqdms�cdrshmZshnmr-�
AdbZtrd� rnld�lZqjds�nudqkZo�lZx�dwhrs�adsvddm�Zhqkhmd�
oZqsmdqr*� Zmc�oZqsmdqr� bZmmns� rdkk� Zm�tmkhlhsdc�mtladq�
ne�rdZsr�nm�oZqsmdq�Zhqkhmdr*�ELQ�lZx�vnqj�cheedqdmskx�hm�
sghr�bn,�nodshshnm�dmuhqnmldms�vgdqd�sgd�qdrntqbd*�Zhqkhmd�
rdZsr*�Zkrn�gdkor�cqhud�lZqjdsokZbd�bnlodshshnm-
Hmctrsqx�bdqshehbZshnmr�lZx�vnqj�rhlhkZqkx�hm�sgZs�sgdx�

bZm�ad�Z�mdbdrrZqx�qdpthqdldms�enq�bnlodshshnm*�ats�sgdx�
Zkrn� bqdZsd� hmrshstshnmZk� kdfhshlZbx� Zmc� Zqd� Z� qdrntqbd�
rhfmZk� sn�nsgdq�oZqshdr*�ansg�bnmrtldqr�Zmc�bnlodshsnqr�
&Khmr� ds� Zk-*ö 1/11(-� OdqgZor� hmctrsqx� bdqshehbZshnmr� bntkc�
hmchbZsd�sn�nsgdq�hmctrsqx�okZxdqr�sgZs�sgdqd�hr�Z�bnllnm�
rjhkk� nq� oqnbdrr� rgZqdc� Zmc�vnqjhmf� snfdsgdq*� hmrsdZc�ne�
rnkdkx�adhmf�bnlodshsnqr*�hr�Z�onrrhahkhsx-�KZrskx*�sgdqd�lZx�
ad�cheedqdms�ELQ�deedbsr�hm�rtookx�mdsvnqjr�vgdqd�sgdqd�
hr� nmd� atxdq� rgZqdc� ax� sgd� rZld� svn� rtookhdqr� &Gnedq�
ds�Zk-*ö1/11(-�Etkkx�tmcdqrsZmchmf�sgd�bnlodshshud�cxmZl,
hbr�vhsghm�sgd�qdkZshnmrgho�ne�sgd�atxdq�Zmc�sgd�bnlodsh,
shud�rtookhdq�lZx�hloZbs� sgd�ELQ�ne� sgd�nsgdq�rtookhdq-�
Sgdrd�svn�rtookhdqr�lZx�mddc�sn�bnnodqZshudkx�gZmckd�sgd�
btrsnldq|r�atrhmdrr-�Enq�dwZlokd*�ansg�rtookhdqr�lZx�mns�
hmcdodmcdmskx�oqnctbd�dmntfg�oqnctbs�sn�ldds�sgd�atx,
dq|r�cdlZmc-�@ksdqmZshudkx*�sgd�atxdq�lZx�ad�rn�bqhshbZk�sn�
Z�rtookhdq�sgZs�sgd�rtookhdq�cndr�mns�vZms�sn�ad�odqbdhudc�
Zr� gZqlhmf� Zmnsgdq� mdbdrrZqx� rtookhdq� sn� sgd� btrsnldq�
&Vhkgdkl� � Rxcnv*ö 1/07(-� Sgdrd� rbdmZqhnr�lZx� hloZbs�
sgd�ELQ�tmcdqsZjdm�ax�Z�rtookhdq�enq�hmotsr-�Etqsgdq�qd,
rdZqbg�hr�mddcdc�sn�etkkx�dwZlhmd�sgdrd�rhstZshnmr-
@r�vd�Zkktcdc�sn�dZqkhdq� hm�sghr�lZmtrbqhos*� sgd�ELQ�

sgdnqdshbZk�ZooqnZbg�hr�qnnsdc�hm�sgd�@trsqhZm�sqZchshnm�ne�
dbnmnlhb�sgdnqx-�Sghr�oqnuhcdr�lZmx�dwbhshmf�ZqdZr�ne�qd,
rdZqbg�Zr�ehqlr�otqrtd�Zanud�mnqlZk�oqnehsr�sgqntfg�sgd�
otqonrdetk�bqdZshnm�ne�chrdpthkhaqhtl�hm�qdrntqbd�lZqjdsr-�
Sgd�bnmbdos�ne�rtookx�bgZhm�hmsdqchbshnm�&Adkk�ds�Zk-*ö1/04(�
gZr�bqdZsdc�Z�entmcZshnm�enq�etstqd�qdrdZqbg�sn�athkc�tonm�
sgd�ctZk�admdehsr�ne�gZuhmf�qdrntqbd�Zbbdrr�vghbg�oqdudmsr�
bnlodshsnqr�sgZs�rZld�Zbbdrr-�Enq�dwZlokd*�chrqtoshmf�nq�
cdmxhmf� qdrntqbdr� sgZs� Zqd� antmc� sn� Z� bnlodshsnq� lZx�
oqnuhcd� rgnqs,�sdql� ZcuZmsZfdr� enq� sgd� hmsdqchbshmf� ehql-�
Vghkd�dmfZfhmf�hm�hmsdqchbshnm�lZx�gZud�ZcuZmsZfdr*�sgd�
ctqZahkhsx�ne�sgd�ZcuZmsZfd�rtrsZhmdc�qdlZhmr�sn�ad�tmcdq,
rsnnc-�Lnqdnudq*�Zenqdldmshnmdc�kdfZk�aZsskdr�lZx�bnld�
hmsn� okZx� hm� bZrdr� vgdqd� hmsdqchbshnm� uhnkZsdr� Zmshsqtrs�
kdfhrkZshnm-
Sgdrd�Zqd�ats�Z�edv�ne�sgd�onrrhakd�qdrdZqbg�ZqdZr�sgZs�

bZm� ad� dwoknqdc-�SZakdö 2� cdrbqhadr� Zm� nudqZqbghmf� bZsd,
fnqx�ne�onrrhakd�ELQ�qdrdZqbg�vhsghm�sgd�RBL�chrbhokhmd-�

21581592, 2023, 1, D
ow

nloaded from
https://onlinelibrary.w

iley.com
/doi/10.1111/jbl.12320 by Liberty U

niversity, W
iley O

nline Library on [20/09/2023]. See the Term
s and C

onditions (https://onlinelibrary.w
iley.com

/term
s-and-conditions) on W

iley O
nline Library for rules of use; O

A
articles are governed by the applicable C

reative C
om

m
ons License

� � � z� 042E@BSNQ�L@QJDS�QHU@KQX9�@�SGDNQX�NE�RBL

Sgd�sZakd�Zkrn�hmbktcdr�ELQ�qdrdZqbg�snohbr�Zmc�dwZlokd�
qdrdZqbg�ptdrshnmr-

BNMSPHATSHNMR

Sgdqd� Zqd� ehud� oqhlZqx� bnmsqhatshnmr�vhsghm� sgd� btqqdms�
vnqj-� Ehqrs*�vd� hmsqnctbd� sgd� hlonqsZmbd� ne� cdudknohmf�
rodbhehb� RBL� sgdnqx� Zmc� oqdrdms� hmenqlZshnm� sn� cdehmd�
sgd�jdx�dkdldmsr�sgZs�rgntkc�ad�oqdrdms�hm�Z�sgdnqx�vhsghm�
RBL-�Xdr*�sgdnqhdr�rgntkc�cdrbqhad*�dwokZhm*�oqdchbs*�Zmc�
gdko� oqdrbqhad� Zbshnm� &EZvbdss� � VZkkdq*ö 1/00(:� ats� Z�
sgdnqx� sgZs� rnkdkx� adknmfr� sn� RBL�Zkrn�ltrs� nmkx� nbbtq�
vhsghm� sgd� antmcZqhdr� ne� Z� rtookx� bgZhm-� @cchshnmZkkx*�

RBL� sgdnqhdr� rgntkc� Zbjmnvkdcfd� sgZs� rtookx� bgZhmr�
Zqd� bnlonrdc� ne� khmj,�ax,�khmj� hmsdqZbshnmr� Zmc� qdkZshnm,
rghor� adsvddm� ehqlr� Zmc� cdbhrhnm� lZjdqr� vgn�lZmZfd�
sgd� eknvr� ne� lZsdqhZk*� hmenqlZshnm*� Zmc� ehmZmbdr� Zbqnrr�
ehqlr-�EhmZkkx*� rtbg� sgdnqhdr� rgntkc� edZstqd� Z� ehql,�kdudk*�
ntsvZqc,�knnjhmf� rsqZsdfhb� nqhdmsZshnm� snvZqc� rtookx�
bgZhmr�sgZs�bZm�Zccqdrr�qhrj�Zmc�chrqtoshnm�lhshfZshnm-
@� rdbnmc� bnmsqhatshnm� ne� ntq� vnqj� ghfgkhfgsr� sgZs�

sgd� ELQ� sgdnqdshbZk� ZooqnZbg� hr� Z� sgdnqx� vdkk� rthsdc�
sn� sgd� rodbhehb�cnlZhm�ne� RBL�adbZtrd� hs� bnmsZhmr� sgd�
sgqdd�qdpthqdc�Zrodbsr�cdrbqhadc�Zanud-�Vghkd�sgd�ELQ�
sgdnqdshbZk�ZooqnZbg�hr�trdc�hm�nsgdq�chrbhokhmdr�rtbg�Zr�
lZmZfdldms�&BgZsZhm*ö1/03:�LZqjlZm�ds�Zk-*ö1//8(*�sgd�
ogdmnldmZ�vgdqd�ELQ�hr�qdrdZqbgdc�eZkk�dmshqdkx�vhsghm�

S:AKD �| � Etstqd�qdrdZqbg�sZakd�)rntqbdc�eqnl�QZkrsnm�ds�Zk-ö&1/11(

NudqYqbghmf�bYsdfnqx ELP�qdrdYqbg�snohbr DwYlokd�qdrdYqbg�ptdrshnm r(

Rtookx�bgZhm�rsqtbstqd Rtookx�bgZhm�rdptdmbd�ne�Zbshuhshdr*�
SdlonqZk�mZstqd�ne�rtookx�bgZhm�
Zbshuhshdr

Gnv�cn�rtookx�bgZhmr�bnod�vhsg�eZbsnqr�ne�oqnctbshnm�
sgZs�Zqd�dhsgdq�odqhrgZakd�nq�vghbg�bZmmns�ad�
oqnbdrrdc�ctd�sn�Z�oqnbdrrhmf�fkts�&d-f-*�ennc�hmotsr�
nq�bnllnchsx�qdehmhmf(;

Rtookx�bgZhm�qdkZshnmrghor Dwbktrhuhsx�adsvddm�rtookx�bgZhm�
ldladqr

Cn�dwbktrhud�qdkZshnmrghor�cqhud�eZbsnq�lZqjds�qhuZkqx�
nudq�Zmc�Zanud�bnlodshmf�enq�eZbsnqr�hm�Zm�nodm�
lZqjds;�Hr�dwbktrhuhsx�Z�bZsZkxrs�enq�bnlodshsnqr�sn�
cdudkno�rtarshstsdr�sn�bnmrsqZhmdc�eZbsnqr;

Rtookx�bgZhm�ldqfdqr�Zmc�Zbpthrhshnmr @qd�ldqfdqr�Zmc�Zbpthrhshnmr�Z�bnlodshshud�vdZonm�
vhsghm�RBL�nq�lnqd�rn�Zm�Zbs�ne�rtquhuZk;�Cndr�
eZbsnq�Zbbdrr�hloqnud�bnlodshshud�onrhshnmhmf�nq�
cndr�lnqd�Zbbdrr�bnmsqhatsd�sn�Z�knrr�ne�hmmnuZshnm;

Qdrntqbd�khshfZshnm Rtookx�bgZhm�kdfZk�aZsskdr Cndr�eZbsnq�lZqjds�qhuZkqx�rotq�kdfZk�aZsskdr;�Hm�vgZs�
vZx�cn�rtookx�bgZhm�kdfZk�aZsskdr�hloZbs�bnlodshshud�
adgZuhnq�vhsghm�hmsdmrd�eZbsnq�lZqjdsr;

Qdrntqbd�ZuZhkZahkhsx EZbsnq�tahpthsx VgZs�rsdor�bZm�ehqlr�sZjd�sn�lhmhlhyd�sgd�trd�ne�
bnmrsqZhmdc�eZbsnqr�hm�oqnctbshnm;�VgZs�qnkd�cndr�
okZmmdc�narnkdrbdmbd�okZx�hm�eZbsnq�lZqjds�qhuZkqx;

Oqdedqqdc.Rodbhehb�eZbsnqr Cndr�sgd�tshkhyZshnm�ne�rodbhehb�sxodr�&h-d-�aqZmc�nq�
bnlonmdms�lZmteZbstqdq(�ne�eZbsnqr�bnmsqhatsd�sn�
lnqd�hmsdmrd�eZbsnq�lZqjds�qhuZkqx;�Hr�sgd�knbj,�hm�
eqnl�rodbhehb�eZbsnqr�ne�oqnctbshnm�ptZmshehZakd�Zmc�
vnqsgvghkd;

EZbsnq�lZqjds�bnkktrhnm VgZs�hr�sgd�noshlZk�kdudk�ne�bnnqchmZshnm�adsvddm�
qdrntqbd�trdqr�sn�dmrtqd�Zbbdrr�sn�Z�bnmrsqZhmdc�
eZbsnq;�Cndr�eZbsnq�lZqjds�bnkktrhnm�qdoqdrdms�Zm�
hmctrsqx�kdudk�hmsdqchbshnm;

Oqddloshmf�EZbsnq�LZqjds�QhuZkqx BZm�Zm�nqfZmhyZshnm�deedbshudkx�trd�qhrj�lhshfZshnm�
ZooqnZbgdr�sn�oqddloshudkx�oqdoZqd�enq�onsdmshZk�
ELQ�sgqntfg�rtookx�bgZhm�rsqtbstqd*�qdkZshnmrghor*�
hmsdqchbshnm*�rtarshstshnm�nq�nsgdq�ZooqnZbgdr;

GtlZm�qdrntqbdr EZbsnq�lZqjds�dwsdmrhnm Gnv�bZm�eZbsnq�lZqjds�lxnohZ�ad�aqnjdm�sgqntfg�
dwoZmchmf�eZbsnq�lZqjds�onnkr�vgdm�bnmrhcdqhmf�
bnmrsqZhmdc�kZanq�lZqjdsr;

EZbsnq�lZqjds�odqbdoshnm VgZs�qnkd�cndr�rtookx�bgZhm�hmsdqchbshnm�okZx�vgdm�
bnlodshmf�enq�Z�odqbdhudc�ghfg�sZkdms*�khlhsdc�
qdrntqbd;

21581592, 2023, 1, D
ow

nloaded from
https://onlinelibrary.w

iley.com
/doi/10.1111/jbl.12320 by Liberty U

niversity, W
iley O

nline Library on [20/09/2023]. See the Term
s and C

onditions (https://onlinelibrary.w
iley.com

/term
s-and-conditions) on W

iley O
nline Library for rules of use; O

A
articles are governed by the applicable C

reative C
om

m
ons License

043� z� � � Q@KRSNM�et�al-

RBL-�ELQ�hr�aZrdc�nm�qhuZkqntr�adgZuhnq�adsvddm�bnl,
odshsnqr�enq�Z�rtookx,�rhcd�qdrntqbd�&DkkqZl�ds�Zk-*ö1/02(-�
Sghqc*�vd�qdhsdqZsd�sgZs�rtookx�bgZhmr�Zqd�cqhudm�ax�ehql,�
kdudk�cdbhrhnmr-�Vghkd� rtookx�bgZhmr�bdqsZhmkx�bnlodsd�
ZfZhmrs� nsgdq� rtookx� bgZhmr� &Bgqhrsnogdq*ö 1///(*� sghr�
bnlodshshnm� hr� mtZmbdc� adbZtrd� ne� ehql,�kdudk� bgnhbdr�
adsvddm�ldladqr�ne�dZbg�rtookx�bgZhm-�Tmkhjd�ghfgkx�
udqshbZkkx�hmsdfqZsdc�bnloZmhdr�nq�jdhqdsrt*�sgdqd�hr�mns�
Zm� nudqZqbghmf� cdrhfmdq� nq� rhmfkd� dmshsx� sgZs�lZmZfdr�
sgd� hmsdqnqfZmhyZshnmZk� khmjZfdr� ne� hmchuhctZk� ehqlr�
vhsghm� Z� rtookx� bgZhm-� QZsgdq*� rtookx� bgZhmr� dldqfd�
sgqntfg� sgd� otqonrdetk� Zbshnmr� ne�lZmZfdqr� hm� Z� khmj,�
ax,�khmj� eZrghnm� Zr� ehqlr� sqZmrZbs� hm� cxZchb� Zmc� sqhZchb�
ZqqZmfdldmsr� &Bnnodq� ds� Zk-*ö 0886(-� Rtookx� bgZhmr� Zqd�
bnloqhrdc� ne� hmchuhctZk� ehqlr� sgZs� enql� Z� mdsvnqj� ne�
Zbsnqr-� @r� rtbg*� ehqlr�lZjd� sgd� cdbhrhnmr� sgZs� hloZbs�
sgd� rtookx� bgZhmr� hm� vghbg� sgdx� oZqshbhoZsd� &Ldmsydq�
ds� Zk-*ö 1//0(-� Vd� bZmmns� aZrd� dpthsx� lZqjdsr*� nq� rdkk�
rgZqdr� hm�’rtookx�bgZhmr*–�ats� hmrsdZc� enbtr�nm� sgd�Zb,
snqr�sgZs�bnloqhrd�sgd�rtookx�bgZhm-�Sghr�hr�sgd�bqtw�ne�
RBL-�@mx�sgdnqx�vhsghm�RBL�ltrs�enbtr�nm�ehql,�kdudk�
Zbshnmr�adbZtrd�sgd�rtookx�bgZhm�hr�mns�Z�chrbqdsd�dmshsx�
fnudqmdc�Zr�rtbg-�Enq�sghr�qdZrnm*�ELQ*�Z�oZqZchfl�cd,
ehmdc�ax� ehql,�kdudk� qhuZkqntr� Zbshnmr� enq� qdrntqbdr*� hr� Z�
sgdnqx�ne�RBL-
Entqsg*�vd�ghfgkhfgs�sgnrd�Zssqhatsdr�ne�sgd�ELQ�sgdn,

qdshbZk�ZooqnZbg�sgZs�nsgdq�fdmdqZk�sgdnqhdr�lZx�mns�gZud�
Zmc�vgx�sgdrd�rodbhehb�ZcuZmsZfdr�ne�ELQ�sgdnqx�Zqd�trd,
etk� enq�rstcxhmf�rnld�RBL�ogdmnldmZ-�Sghr� sgdnqdshbZk�
chrbtrrhnm�hr�hlonqsZms�adbZtrd�vd�adkhdud�sgd�mtZmbd�ne�
cheedqdms�sgdnqhdr�gdko�eqZld�qdrdZqbg�ptdrshnmr�Zmc�kdZc�
sn�lnqd�hmenqlZshud�hmudrshfZshnm-�Sgd�ehesg�Zmc�ehmZk�bnm,
sqhatshnm� ne� sgd� btqqdms�vnqj� hr� oqnuhchmf� Zm� dwsdmrhud*�
qhbg*� Zmc� qdkduZms� etstqd� qdrdZqbg� ZfdmcZ� aZrdc� tonm�
ELQ�sgdnqx�Zmc�RBL�hrrtdr-
Vd�Zqd�gnodetk� sgZs� sghr� qdrdZqbg�dmbntqZfdr� etqsgdq�

hmpthqx� nm� rdudqZk� eqnmsr-� Ehqrs*� vd� adkhdud� sgZs� etstqd�
qdrdZqbg� bZm� bnmshmtd� sgd� oqnbdrr� ne� cdkhmdZshmf�vghbg�
sgdnqhdr�Zqd�rodbhehb�sn�sgd�cnlZhm�ne�rtookx�bgZhm�lZm,
Zfdldms-�Sghr�hr�Zm�hlonqsZms�rsdo*�Zr�vd�adkhdud�hs�hr�hm,
chbZshud�ne�Z�lZstqhmf�ehdkc�ne�rstcx-�Vghkd�vd�ZooqdbhZsd�
sgd� ZookhbZahkhsx� ne� sgdnqhdr� eqnl� nsgdq� ZbZcdlhb� chrbh,
okhmdr*�qdrdZqbgdqr�rgntkc�mns�odqodstZkkx�anqqnv�dwokZm,
Zsnqx�qZshnmZkd�eqnl�nsgdq�ehdkcr-�Itrs�Zr�nsgdq�qdrdZqbgdqr�
gZud� ZcunbZsdc� enq� sgdnqhdr� rodbhehb� sn� knfhrshbr� nq� otq,
bgZrhmf� Zmc� rtookx� lZmZfdldms� &DkkqZl� ds� Zk-*ö 1/1/:�
RsZmj� ds� Zk-*ö 1/06(*� RBL� hr� Z� onrsdldqfdms� chrbhokhmd�
sgZs�gZr�dunkudc�dmntfg�sn�gZud�cdudknodc�ehdkc,�rodbhehb�
sgdnqdshbZk� entmcZshnmr-�Sgdqd�lZx� ad� dwhrshmf� sgdnqhdr*�
rtbg�Zr�ELQ*�sgZs�ehs�sgd�qdpthqdldmsr�ne�Zm�RBL�sgdnqx-�
@cchshnmZkkx*�mdv�sgdnqhdr�sgZs�gZud�rodbhehbhsx�qdkZsdc�sn�
sgd�lZmZfdldms�ne�rtookx�bgZhmr�lZx�Zkrn�ad�cdudknodc-�
Rdbnmc*�vd� Zqd� gnodetk� sgZs� ELQ� bnmshmtdr� sn� cdudkno�

Zr�Z�chrshmbs�sgdnqdshbZk�odqrodbshud�sn�gdko�dwokhbZsd�sgZs�
bnlodshshnm� adsvddm� ehqlr� hr� mns� dwbktrhudkx� bnmctbsdc�
hm�sgd�bnmrtldq�lZqjdsr*�ats�Zkrn�dwsdmcr�sn�sgd�rtookx�
aZrd-�@r�bnlodshshnm�adbnldr�hmbqdZrhmfkx�fknaZk�Zmc�mZs,
tqZk�qdrntqbdr�adbnld�lnqd�rbZqbd�&Vhdcldq�ds�Zk-*ö1/1/(*�
vd�adkhdud�sgZs�ELQ�sgdnqx�vhkk�bnmshmtd�sn�fZhm�hm�Zookh,
bZahkhsx�sn�sgd�oqZbshbd�ne�RBL-

NPBHC
JhrW�L-�DkkqWlö �gssor9..nqbhc-nqf.////,///1,8043,65/3�

PDEDPDMBDR
@tsqx*� B-� V-*� � Fnkhbhb*� R-� K-� &1/0/(-� DuZktZshmf� atxdq,�rtookhdq�

qdkZshnmrgho,�odqenqlZmbd� rohqZkr9� @� knmfhstchmZk� rstcx-�
IntqmWk�ne�ModqWshnmr�LWmWfdldms*�17&1(*�76“�0//-�gssor9..cnh-
nqf.0/-0/05.i-inl-1//8-/6-//2

@tsqx*�B-�V-*� �Fqheehr*�R-�D- &1//7(-�Rtookx�bgZhm�bZohsZk9�Sgd�hloZbs�
ne�rsqtbstqZk�Zmc�qdkZshnmZk�khmjZfdr�nm�ehql�dwdbtshnm�Zmc�hm,
mnuZshnm-�IntqmWk�ne�Atrhmdrr�Jnfhrshbr*�18&0(*�046“�062-�gssor9..
cnh-nqf.0/-0//1.i-1047,�0481-1//7-sa///�62-w

AZkr*�K-*� �SZsd*�V-�K-�&1/07(-�RtrsZhmZakd�rtookx�bgZhm�cdrhfm�hm�rn,
bhZk�atrhmdrrdr9�@cuZmbhmf�sgd�sgdnqx�ne�rtookx�bgZhm-�IntqmWk�
ne� Atrhmdrr� Jnfhrshbr*� 28&0(*� 46“�68-� gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0000.
iak-01061

AZqmdx*� I-� &0880(-� Ehql� qdrntqbdr� Zmc� rtrsZhmdc� bnlodshshud� Zc,
uZmsZfd-� IntqmWk� ne� LWmWfdldms*� 06&0(*� 88“�01/-� gssor9..cnh-
nqf.0/-0066./0381�/5280�/06//0/7

AZqmdx*� I-� A-� &0875Z(-� RsqZsdfhb� eZbsnq�lZqjdsr9� DwodbsZshnmr*� ktbj*�
Zmc�atrhmdrr�rsqZsdfx-�LWmWfdldms�Rbhdmbd*�21&0/(*�0120“�0130-�
gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0176.lmrb-21-0/-0120

AZqmdx*�I-�A-�&0875a(-�Sxodr�ne�bnlodshshnm�Zmc�sgd�sgdnqx�ne�rsqZsdfx9�
SnvZqc� Zm� hmsdfqZshud� eqZldvnqj-� :bWcdlx� ne� LWmWfdldms�
Qduhdv*�00&3(*�680“�7//-�gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-4354.Zlq-0875-3172827

AZrsk*�L-*�Ingmrnm*�L-*� �Ehmmd*�L-�&1/08(-�@�lhc,�qZmfd�sgdnqx�ne�bnm,
sqnk�Zmc�bnnqchmZshnm�hm�rdquhbd�sqhZcr-�IntqmWk�ne�Rtookx�BgWhm�
LWmWfdldms*�44&0(*�10“�36-�gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0000.irbl-01076

AZtl*�I-�@-�B-*� �Jnqm*�G-�I-�&0885(-�Bnlodshshud�cxmZlhbr�ne�hmsdq,
ehql�qhuZkqx-�:bWcdlx�ne�LWmWfdldms�IntqmWk*�28&1(*�144“�180-�
gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-4354.145670

Adkk*�I-�D-*�@tsqx*�B-�V-*� �Fqheehr*�R-�D-� &1/04(-�Rtookx�bgZhm� hmsdq,
chbshnm�Zr�Z�bnlodshshud�vdZonm-�SqWmronqsWshnm�IntqmWk*�43&0(*�
78“�0/2-�gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-4214.sqZmr�onqsZ�shnmi-43-0-//78

Adkk*� I-� D-*� @tsqx*� B-� V-*� Lnkkdmjnoe*� C-� @-*� � Sgnqmsnm*� K-� L-�
&1/01(-�@�mZstqZk�qdrntqbd�rbZqbhsx�sxonknfx9�SgdnqdshbZk�entm,
cZshnmr� Zmc� rsqZsdfhb� hlokhbZshnmr� enq� rtookx� bgZhm�lZmZfd,
ldms-�IntqmWk�ne�Atrhmdrr�Jnfhrshbr*�22&1(*�047“�055-�gssor9..cnh-
nqf.0/-0000.i-////,�////-1/01-/0/37-w

Adkk*�I-�D-*�Lnkkdmjnoe*�C-�@-*� �Rsnksyd*�G-�&1/02(-�MZstqZk�qdrntqbd�
rbZqbhsx�Zmc�sgd�bknrdc�knno�rtookx�bgZhm-�HmsdqmWshnmWk�IntqmWk�
ne� OgxrhbWk� Chrsqhatshnm� Wmc� Jnfhrshbr� LWmWfdldms*� 32&4.5(*�
240“�268-�gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-00/7.HIOCK�L,�/2,�1/01,�//81

AdmaZrZs*� H-*� � Yltc*� Q-� &1//2(-� Sgd� hcdmshsx� bqhrhr� vhsghm� sgd�
HR� chrbhokhmd9� Cdehmhmf� Zmc� bnlltmhbZshmf� sgd� chrbhokhmd|r
bnqd� oqnodqshdr-� LHR� PtWqsdqkx*� 16&1(*� 072“�083-� gssor9..cnh-
nqf.0/-12/6.2//25416

Adqfdq*�O-�&1/10(-�Vgdqd�chc�Zkk�sgd�rghoohmf�bnmsZhmdqr�fn-�UWkk�Rsqdds�
IntqmWk-�gssor9..vvv-vri-bnl.Zqshb�kdr.vgdqd�,�chc,�Zkk,�sgd,�rghoo�
hmf,�bnmsZ�hmdqr�,�fn,�00517�0/3472

21581592, 2023, 1, D
ow

nloaded from
https://onlinelibrary.w

iley.com
/doi/10.1111/jbl.12320 by Liberty U

niversity, W
iley O

nline Library on [20/09/2023]. See the Term
s and C

onditions (https://onlinelibrary.w
iley.com

/term
s-and-conditions) on W

iley O
nline Library for rules of use; O

A
articles are governed by the applicable C

reative C
om

m
ons License

� � � z� 044E@BSNQ�L@QJDS�QHU@KQX9�@�SGDNQX�NE�RBL

AnqfZssh*�R-�O-*� �Kh*�W-�&1//8(-�Nm�rnbhZk�mdsvnqj�ZmZkxrhr�hm�Z�rtookx�
bgZhm�bnmsdws)-�IntqmWk�ne�Rtookx�BgWhm�LWmWfdldms*�34&1(*�4“�
11-�gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0000.i-0634,�382W-1//8-/2055-w

Anrsnm*�V-�&1/10(-�FknaZk�bgho�rgnqsZfd�rds�sn�vnqrdm�enq�bZq�lZjdqr-�
UWkk�Rsqdds�IntqmWk-�gssor9..vvv-vri-bnl.Zqshb�kdr.fknaZ�k,�bgho,�
rgnqs�Zfd,�rds,�sn,�vnqrd�m,�enq,�bZq,�lZjdq�r,�00508�6/7282

AqZmcnm,�Inmdr*�D-*�Rpthqd*�A-*�@tsqx*�B-�V-*� �Odsdqrdm*�J-�I-�&1/03(-�
@�bnmshmfdms�qdrntqbd,�aZrdc�odqrodbshud�ne�rtookx�bgZhm�qdrhk,
hdmbd� Zmc� qnatrsmdrr-� IntqmWk� ne� Rtookx� BgWhm�LWmWfdldms*�
4.&2(*�44“�62-�gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0000.irbl-01/4/

Aqdvdq*�A-*�@rgdmaZtl*�A-*� �AkZhq*�B-�V-�&1/08(-�Bqnrr,�etmbshnmZk�
hmektdmbd�Zmc�sgd�rtookhdq�rdkdbshnm�cdbhrhnm�hm�bnlodshshud�dm,
uhqnmldmsr9�Vgn�lZjdr�sgd�bZkk;�IntqmWk�ne�Atrhmdrr�Jnfhrshbr*�
3.&1(*�0/4“�014-�gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0000.iak-01088

BZoqnm*� K-*� � BgZsZhm*� N-� &1//7(-� Bnlodshsnqr|� qdrntqbd,�nqhdmsdc�
rsqZsdfhdr9� @bshmf� nm� bnlodshsnqr|� qdrntqbdr� sgqntfg� hmsdq,
udmshnmr� hm� eZbsnq�lZqjdsr�Zmc�onkhshbZk�lZqjdsr-�:bWcdlx�ne�
LWmWfdldms� Qduhdv*� 22&0(*� 86“�010-� gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-4354.
Zlq-1//7-16634388

BZqsdq*�B-�Q-*�Qnfdqr*�C-�R-*� �Bgnh*�S-�X-�&1/04(-�SnvZqc�sgd�sgdnqx�ne�
sgd�rtookx�bgZhm-�IntqmWk�ne�Rtookx�BgWhm�LWmWfdldms*�40&1(*�
78“�86-�gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0000.irbl-01/62

BZrbhZqn*�S-*� �Ohrjnqrjh*�L-�I-�&1//4(-�Onvdq�hlaZkZmbd*�ltstZk�cd,
odmcdmbd*�Zmc�bnmrsqZhms�Zarnqoshnm9�@�bknrdq�knnj�Zs�qdrntqbd�
cdodmcdmbd� sgdnqx-� :clhmhrsqWshud� Rbhdmbd� PtWqsdqkx*� 4.&1(*�
056“�088-�gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-1078.Zrpt-1//4-4/-1-056

BZudr*�Q-�D-�&0873(-�Dbnmnlhb�ZmZkxrhr�Zmc�sgd�ptdrs�enq�bnlodshshud�
ZcuZmsZfd-�Sgd�:ldqhbWm�Dbnmnlhb�Qduhdv*�63&1(*�016“�021-

BgZsZhm*�N-� &1/00(-�UZktd� bqdZshnm*� bnlodshshnm*� Zmc� odqenqlZmbd�
hm�atxdq,�rtookhdq�qdkZshnmrghor-�RsqWsdfhb�LWmWfdldms�IntqmWk*�
21&0(*�65“�0/1-�gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0//1.rli-753

BgZsZhm*�N-� &1/03(-�Gnv�cn�rsqZsdfhb� eZbsnq�lZqjdsr� qdronmc� sn�qh,
uZkqx� hm� sgd� oqnctbs� lZqjds;� RsqWsdfhb� LWmWfdldms� IntqmWk*�
24&02(*�0841“�0860-�gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0//1.rli-1077

Bgdm*�L-,�I-�&0885(-�Bnlodshsnq�ZmZkxrhr�Zmc�hmsdqehql�qhuZkqx9�SnvZqc�
Z� sgdnqdshbZk� hmsdfqZshnm-� :bWcdlx� ne� LWmWfdldms� Qduhdv*�
10&0(*�0//“�023-�gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-4354.Zlq-0885-85/10�50456

Bgdm*� L-,�I-*� � Lhkkdq*� C-� &1/04(-� QdbnmbdostZkhyhmf� bnl,
odshshud� cxmZlhbr9� @� ltkshchldmrhnmZk� eqZldvnqj-�
RsqWsdfhb� LWmWfdldms� IntqmWk*� 25&4(*� 647“�664-� gssor9..cnh-
nqf.0/-0//1.rli-1134

Bgnh*� S-� X-*� Cnnkdx*� J-� I-*� � QtmfstrZmZsgZl*� L-� &1//0(-� Rtookx�
mdsvnqjr�Zmc�bnlokdw�ZcZoshud�rxrsdlr9�Bnmsqnk�udqrtr�dldq,
fdmbd-� IntqmWk� ne� ModqWshnmr� LWmWfdldms*� 08&2(*� 240“�255-�
gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0/05.R/161�,�5852&//(///57�,�0

Bgqhrsnogdq*�L-�&1///(-�Sgd�Zfhkd�rtookx�bgZhm9�Bnlodshmf�hm�unkZ,
shkd�lZqjdsr-� HmctrsqhWk�LWqjdshmf�LWmWfdldms*�18&0(*� 26“�33-�
gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0/05.R//08�,�74/0&88(//00/�,�7

Bgqhrsnogdq*� L-*� � FZtcdmyh*� A-� &1//8(-� Dwoknhshmf� jmnvk,
dcfd� Zbqnrr� mdsvnqjr� sgqntfg� qdotsZshnm� lZmZfdldms-�
HmctrsqhWk�LWqjdshmf�LWmWfdldms*�27&1(*�080“�086-�gssor9..cnh-
nqf.0/-0/05.i-hmclZ�qlZm-1//7-01-/03

Bnnodq*�L-�B-*�KZladqs*�C-�L-*� �OZfg*�I-�C-� &0886(-�Rtookx�bgZhm�
lZmZfdldms9� Lnqd� sgZm� Z� mdv� mZld� enq� knfhrshbr-� Sgd�
HmsdqmWshnmWk� IntqmWk� ne� Jnfhrshbr� LWmWfdldms*� 7&0(*� 0“�03-�
gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-00/7./8463�/8860�/7/4445

BqZhfgdZc*�B-�V-*�AkZbjgtqrs*�I-*�QtmfstrZmZsgZl*�L-�I-*� �GZmcehdkc*�
Q-�A-�&1//6(-�Sgd�rdudqhsx�ne�rtookx�bgZhm�chrqtoshnmr9�Cdrhfm�bgZq,
Zbsdqhrshbr�Zmc�lhshfZshnm�bZoZahkhshdr-�Cdbhrhnm�Rbhdmbdr*�27&0(*�
020“�045-�gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0000.i-043/,�4804-1//6-//040-w

BqZhfgdZc*�B-�V-*�Jdsbgdm*�C-�I-*� �Bgdmf*�K-�&1/05(-�Fnkchknbjr�sgdn,
qhyhmf�hm�rtookx�bgZhm�qdrdZqbg9�AZkZmbhmf�rbhdmshehb�Zmc�oqZbsh,
bZk�tshkhsx�uhZ�lhcckd,�qZmfd�sgdnqx-�SqWmronqsWshnm�IntqmWk*�44&2(*�
130“�146-�gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-4214.sqZmr�onqsZ�shnmi-44-2-/130

Cdedd*� B-� B-*� VhkkhZlr*� A-*� Vdrkdx*� R-� Q-*� � SgnlZr*� Q-� &1/0/(-�
@m� hmudmsnqx� ne� sgdnqx� hm� knfhrshbr� Zmc� rbl� qdrdZqbg-� Sgd�
HmsdqmWshnmWk�IntqmWk�ne�Jnfhrshbr�LWmWfdldms*�10&2(*�3/3“�378-�
gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-00/7./8463�/80/0�0/78706

Cdptdbg*� C-� &1//0(-� Antmcdc� qZshnmZkhsx*� hmrshstshnmr*� Zmc� tmbdq,
sZhmsx-�IntqmWk�ne�Dbnmnlhb�Hrrtdr*�24&3(* 800“�818-�gssor9..cnh-
nqf.0/-0/7/.//102�513-1//0-004/531/

Chdqhbjw*� H-*� �Bnnk*�J-� &0878(-�@rrds� rsnbj�ZbbtltkZshnm�Zmc�rtr,
sZhmZahkhsx� ne� bnlodshshud� ZcuZmsZfd-� LWmWfdldms� Rbhdmbd*�
24&01(*�04/3“�0400-�gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0176.lmrb-24-01-04/3

Ctbknr*�R-�I-*�Nssn*�I-�O-*� �Jnmhsydq*�C-�F-�&1/0/(-�Cdrhfm�hm�Zm�dqZ�
ne�bnmrsqZhmdc�qdrntqbdr-�LdbgWmhbWk�Dmfhmddqhmf*�021*�25“�3/-�
gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0004.0-1/0/,�Rdo,�2

Cxdq*� I-� G-*� � Rhmfg*� G-� &0887(-� Sgd� qdkZshnmZk� uhdv9� BnnodqZshud�
rsqZsdfx�Zmc�rntqbdr�ne�hmsdqnqfZmhyZshnmZk�bnlodshshud�ZcuZm,
sZfd-�:bWcdlx�ne�LWmWfdldms�Qduhdv*�12&3(*�55/“�568-�gssor9..
cnh-nqf.0/-4354.Zlq-0887-0144521

Dkkdm�LZb@qsgtq�EntmcZsZhnm� &1/1/(-�Qdtrd,�qdsghmjhmf� oWbjWfhmf-�
gssor9..dkkdm�lZbZq�sgtqe�ntmcZ�shnm-nqf.qdtrd�,�qdsgh�mjhmf�,�oZbjZ�
fhmf

DkkqZl*�K-�L-*�GZqkZmc*�B-�L-*�uZm�Vddkd*�@-*�Drrhf*�L-*�Ingmrdm*�S-*�
MZrrhladmh*�F-*�OZfdkk*�L-*�uZm�QZZhi*�D-*�Qnydldhidq*�E-*�SZsd*�
V-�K-*� �VxmrsqZ*�E-� &1/1/(- OtqbgZrhmf� Zmc� rtookx�lZmZfd,
ldms|r� hcdmshsx�bqhrhr;�VgZs�bqhrhr;�IntqmWk�ne�OtqbgWrhmf�Wmc�
Rtookx� LWmWfdldms*� 15&0(*� 0“�7-� gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0/05.i-
otqrto-1/08-0//472

DkkqZl*�K-�L-*� �SZsd*�V-�K-�&1/10(-�Bnrs�ZunhcZmbd9�Mns�dudqxsghmf�
sgZs�bntmsr�hr�bntmsdc-�IntqmWk�ne�Atrhmdrr�Jnfhrshbr*�31&3(*�3/5“�
316-�gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0000.iak-01151

DkkqZl*�K-�L-*�SZsd*�V-�K-*� �Ahkkhmfsnm*�B-�&1//3(-�TmcdqrsZmchmf�Zmc�
lZmZfhmf� sgd�rdquhbdr� rtookx�bgZhm-�IntqmWk�ne�Rtookx�BgWhm�
LWmWfdldms*� 3.&2(*� 06“�21-� gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0000.i-0634,�
382W-1//3-sa//0�65-w

DkkqZl*�K-�L-*�SZsd*�V-�K-*� �Edhsyhmfdq*�D-�F-�&1/02(-�EZbsnq,�lZqjds�
qhuZkqx� Zmc� bnlodshshnm� enq� rtookx� bgZhm� qdrntqbdr-� IntqmWk�
ne� Rtookx� BgWhm� LWmWfdldms*� 38&0(*� 18“�35-� gssor9..cnh-
nqf.0/-0000.irbl-01//0

Drodq*�S-�K-*�Cdedd*�B-�B-*� �Ldmsydq*�I-�S-�&1/0/Z(-�@�eqZldvnqj�ne�
rtookx�bgZhm�nqhdmsZshnm-�Sgd�HmsdqmWshnmWk�IntqmWk�ne�Jnfhrshbr�
LWmWfdldms*� 10&1(*� 050“�068-� gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-00/7./8463�
/80/0�0/608/5

Drodq*�S-� K-*� Dkkhmfdq*� @-� D-*� RsZmj*�S-� O-*� Ekhms*� C-� I-*� �Lnnm*�L-�
&1/0/a(-�CdlZmc�Zmc�rtookx�hmsdfqZshnm9�@�bnmbdostZk�eqZld,
vnqj� ne� uZktd� bqdZshnm� sgqntfg� jmnvkdcfd� lZmZfdldms-�
IntqmWk� ne� sgd� :bWcdlx� ne� LWqjdshmf� Rbhdmbd*� 27&0(*� 4“�07-�
gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0//6.r0063�6,�//8,�/024,�2

EZvbdss*� R-� D-*� �LZfmZm*� F-�L-� &1//1(-� Sgd� qgdsnqhb� Zmc� qdZkhsx�
ne� rtookx� bgZhm� hmsdfqZshnm-� HmsdqmWshnmWk� IntqmWk� ne� OgxrhbWk�
Chrsqhatshnm�Wmc�Jnfhrshbr�LWmWfdldms*�21&4(*�228“�250-�gssor9..
cnh-nqf.0/-00/7./85//�/2/10�/325111

EZvbdss*� R-� D-*� � VZkkdq*� L-� @-� &1/00(-� LZjhmf� rdmrd� nts� ne�
bgZnr9� Vgx� sgdnqx� hr� qdkduZms� sn� rtookx� bgZhm� qdrdZqbg-�
IntqmWk� ne� Atrhmdrr� Jnfhrshbr*� 21&0(*� 0“�4-� gssor9..cnh-
nqf.0/-0000.i-1047,�0481-1/00-/0///-w

Ekxmm*�A-�A-*�Gtn*�A-*� �YgZn*�W-�&1/0/(-�Sgd�hloZbs�ne�rtookx�bgZhm�
hmsdfqZshnm�nm�odqenqlZmbd9�@�bnmshmfdmbx�Zmc�bnmehftqZshnm�

21581592, 2023, 1, D
ow

nloaded from
https://onlinelibrary.w

iley.com
/doi/10.1111/jbl.12320 by Liberty U

niversity, W
iley O

nline Library on [20/09/2023]. See the Term
s and C

onditions (https://onlinelibrary.w
iley.com

/term
s-and-conditions) on W

iley O
nline Library for rules of use; O

A
articles are governed by the applicable C

reative C
om

m
ons License

045� z� � � Q@KRSNM�et�al-

ZooqnZbg-� IntqmWk� ne� ModqWshnmr� LWmWfdldms*� 17&0(*� 47“�60-�
gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0/05.i-inl-1//8-/5-//0

EtfZsd*�A-�R-*�Ldmsydq*�I-�S-*� �RsZmj*�S-�O-�&1/0/(-�Knfhrshbr�odqenq,
lZmbd9� Deehbhdmbx*� deedbshudmdrr*� Zmc� cheedqdmshZshnm-� IntqmWk�
ne� Atrhmdrr� Jnfhrshbr*� 20&0(*� 32“�51-� gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0//1.
i-1047,�0481-1/0/-sa//0�16-w

FZkkZfgdq*� C-� � JhqjkZmc*� O-� &1/1/(-� LdZs� oqnbdrrhmf� okZmsr�
Zbqnrr� sgd� tr� Zqd� bknrhmf� ctd� sn� sgd� oZmcdlhb-� Vhkk� bnm,
rtldqr� eddk� sgd� hloZbs;� BMM� Atrhmdrr-� gssor9..vvv-bmm-
bnl.1/1/./3.15.atrhm�drr.ldZs,�oqnbd�rrhmf�,�okZms�r,�bnqnm�
Zuhqt�r.hmcdw-gslk-

FZqudq*�L-�R-�&1/08(-�SgqdZsr�sn�sgd�uZkhchsx�ne�knfhrshbr�Zmc�rtookx�
bgZhm� lZmZfdldms� qdrdZqbg-� IntqmWk� ne� Atrhmdrr� Jnfhrshbr*�
3.&0(*�2/“�32-�gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0000.iak-011/2

FhZmhnchr*� O-� S-*� LZqjlZm*� F-� C-*� � OZmZfnontknr*� @-� &1/08(-�
EZbsnq�lZqjds�qhuZkqx�Zmc�hmsdqhmctrsqx�bnlodshshud�cxmZlhbr-�
LWmWfdqhWk� Wmc� Cdbhrhnm� Dbnmnlhbr*� 3.&3(*� 335“�348-� gssor9..
cnh-nqf.0/-0//1.lcd-2/03

Fnkcrax*�S-�I-*� �@tsqx*�B-�V-�&1/00(-�SnvZqc�fqdZsdq�uZkhcZshnm�ne�rto,
okx�bgZhm�lZmZfdldms�sgdnqx�Zmc�bnmbdosr9�Sgd�qnkdr�ne�qdrdZqbg�
qdokhbZshnm�Zmc�ldsZ,�ZmZkxrhr-�IntqmWk�ne�Atrhmdrr�Jnfhrshbr*�21&3(*�
213“�220-�gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0000.i-////,�////-1/00-/0/17-w

Fnkcrbglhcs*� J-*� Jqdldq*� L-*� SgnlZr*� C-� I-*� � BqZhfgdZc*� B-�
V-� &1/10(-� RsqZsdfhb� rntqbhmf� tmcdq� rdudqd� chrqtoshnm� qhrj9�
KdZqmhmf�eZhktqdr�Zmc�tmcdq,�chudqrhehbZshnm�ahZr-�LWmteWbstqhmf�
�Rdquhbd�ModqWshnmr�LWmWfdldms*�12&3(*�650“�67/-�gssor9..cnh-
nqf.0/-0176.lrnl-1/1/-/8/6

Fnncmntfg*� @-� &1/1/(-� Rnld� gnrohsWkr� Wqd� bknrd� sn� qtmmhmf� nts� ne�
bqtbhWk�lWrjr� enq� bnqnmWuhqtr-�Mdv�Xnqj�Shldr-�gssor9..vvv-
mxshl�dr-bnl.1/1/./2./8.gdZks�g.bnqnm�Zuhqt�r,�m84,�eZbd,�lZrjr-
gslk

FqZmnudssdq*�L-� &0874(-�Dbnmnlhb�Zbshnm�Zmc�rnbhZk� rsqtbstqd9�Sgd�
oqnakdl� ne� dladccdcmdrr-� :ldqhbWm� IntqmWk� ne� Rnbhnknfx*�
80&2(*�370“�40/-�gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0/75.117200

Fqnudq*�U-*� �LZkgnsqZ*�L-�J-� &1//2(-�SqZmrZbshnm� bnrs� eqZldvnqj�
hm�nodqZshnmr�Zmc�rtookx�bgZhm�lZmZfdldms�qdrdZqbg9�Sgdnqx�
Zmc�ldZrtqdldms-� IntqmWk� ne�ModqWshnmr�LWmWfdldms*�10&3(*�
346“�362-�gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0/05.R/161�,�5852&/2(///3/�,�7

GZydm*�A-�S-*�Qtrrn*� H-*�Bnmedmsd*� H-*� �OdkkZsgx*�C-� &1/10(-� Rtookx�
bgZhm�lZmZfdldms� enq� bhqbtkZq� dbnmnlx9� BnmbdostZk� eqZld,
vnqj� Zmc� qdrdZqbg� ZfdmcZ-� Sgd� HmsdqmWshnmWk� IntqmWk� ne�
Jnfhrshbr�LWmWfdldms*�21&1(*�40/“�426-�gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-00/7.
HIKL,�01,�1/08,�/221

Gnedq*� B-*� AZqjdq*� I-� L-*� C|NqhZ*� K-*� � Ingmrnm*� I-� K-� &1/11(-�
AqnZcdmhmf�ntq�tmcdqrsZmchmf�ne� hmsdqehql�qhuZkqx9�@�bZkk� enq�
qdrdZqbg�nm�gnv�rtookx�mdsvnqjr�rgZod�bnlodshshud�adgZuhnq�
Zmc�odqenqlZmbd-�IntqmWk�ne�Rtookx�BgWhm�LWmWfdldms*�47&1(*�
7“�14-�gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0000.irbl-01170

GnkkZmc*�I-�G-�&0884(-�Fhccdm�nqcdq-�@cchrnm,�Vdrkdx-
Gtms*� R-� C-� &0872(-� FdmdqZk� sgdnqhdr� Zmc� sgd� etmcZldmsZk� dwokZ,

mZmcZ�ne�lZqjdshmf-�IntqmWk�ne�LWqjdshmf*�36&3(*�8“�06-�gssor9..
cnh-nqf.0/-0066.//111�31872�/36//3/1

Gtms*�R-�C-�&1//1(-�EntmcWshnmr�ne�lWqjdshmf�sgdnqx9�SnvWqc�W�fdm,
dqWk�sgdnqx�ne�lWqjdshmf-�RgZqod-

Gtms*�R-�C-*� �CZuhr*�C-�E-�&1/01(-�Fqntmchmf�rtookx�bgZhm�lZmZfd,
ldms� hm� qdrntqbd,�ZcuZmsZfd� sgdnqx9� Hm�cdedmrd�ne�Z� qdrntqbd,�
aZrdc�uhdv�ne�sgd�ehql-�IntqmWk�ne�Rtookx�BgWhm�LWmWfdldms*�
37&1(*�03“�1/-�gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0000.i-0634,�382W-1/01-/2155-w

Gtms*� R-� C-*� � LnqfZm*� Q-� L-� &0885(-� Sgd� qdrntqbd,�ZcuZmsZfd�
sgdnqx� ne� bnlodshshnm9� CxmZlhbr*� oZsg� cdodmcdmbhdr*� Zmc�

dunktshnmZqx�chldmrhnmr-�IntqmWk�ne�LWqjdshmf*�5.&3(*�0/6“�003-�
gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0066.//111�31885�/5///30/

JZqZsyZr*� @-*� Ingmrnm*�L-*� � AZrsk*�L-� &1/05(-� QdkZshnmrgo� cdsdq,
lhmZmsr� ne� odqenqlZmbd� hm� rdquhbd� sqhZcr9� @� bnmehftqZshnmZk�
ZooqnZbg-�IntqmWk�ne�Rtookx�BgWhm�LWmWfdldms*�41&2(*�17“�36-�
gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0000.irbl-010/8

JZtelZmm*�K-*�BZqsdq*�B-�Q-*� �QZtdq*�I-�&1/05(-�Sgd�bndunktshnm�ne�
qdkZshnmrgho� cnlhmZms� knfhb� Zmc� rtookx� qhrj�lhshfZshnm� rsqZs,
dfhdr-� IntqmWk� ne�Atrhmdrr�Jnfhrshbr*�26&1(*� 76“�0/5-�gssor9..cnh-
nqf.0/-0000.iak-01015

Jdsbgdm*�C-�I-*�Rmnv*�B-�B-*� �Gnnudq*�U-�K-�&1//3(-�QdrdZqbg�nm�bnl,
odshshud� cxmZlhbr9� Qdbdms� Zbbnlokhrgldmsr� Zmc� etstqd� bgZk,
kdmfdr-� IntqmWk� ne� LWmWfdldms*� 2.&5(*� 668“�7/3-� gssor9..cnh-
nqf.0/-0/05.i-il-1//3-/5-//1

Jdsnjhuh*�L-*� �Bgnh*�S-� &1/03(-�QdmZhrrZmbd�ne� bZrd� qdrdZqbg�Zr�Z�
rbhdmshehb� ldsgnc-� IntqmWk� ne� ModqWshnmr�LWmWfdldms*� 21&4(*�
121“�13/-�gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0/05.i-inl-1/03-/2-//3

Jhl*�X-*�Bgnh*�S-�X-*�XZm*�S-*� �Cnnkdx*�J-�&1/00(-�RsqtbstqZk�hmudrsh,
fZshnm�ne�rtookx�mdsvnqjr9 @�rnbhZk�mdsvnqj�ZmZkxrhr ZooqnZbg-�
IntqmWk�ne�ModqWshnmr�LWmWfdldms*�18&2(*�083“�100-�gssor9..cnh-
nqf.0/-0/05.i-inl-1/0/-00-//0

Jhqymdq*�H-�L-�&0886(-�DmsqdoqdmdtqhZk�chrbnudqx�Zmc�sgd�bnlodshshud�
lZqjds� oqnbdrr9� @m� ZtrsqhZm� ZooqnZbg-� IntqmWk� ne� Dbnmnlhb�
JhsdqWstqd*�24&0(*�5/“�74-

KZladqs*� C-� L-*� � Dmy*� L-� F-� &1/06(-� Hrrtdr� hm� rtookx� bgZhm
lZmZfdldms9� Oqnfqdrr� Zmc� onsdmshZk-� HmctrsqhWk� LWqjdshmf�
LWmWfdldms*�51&@oqhk(*� 0“�05-�gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0/05.i-hmclZ�
qlZm-1/05-01-//1

Kdd*�G-�K-*�OZclZmZagZm*�U-*� �VgZmf*�R-�&0886(-�HmenqlZshnm�chr,
snqshnm� hm� Z� rtookx� bgZhm9� Sgd� atkkvgho� deedbs-�LWmWfdldms�
Rbhdmbd*�32&3(*�435“�447-�gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0176.lmrb-32-3-435

KdLZx*�R-*�Gdklr*�L-�L-*�JhlaZkk*�A-*� �LbLZgnm*�C-�&1/06(-�Rtookx�
bgZhm�lZmZfdldms9� Sgd� dktrhud� bnmbdos� Zmc� cdehmhshnm-�Sgd�
HmsdqmWshnmWk� IntqmWk� ne� Jnfhrshbr� LWmWfdldms*� 17&3(*� 0314“�
0342-�gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-00/7.HIKL,�0/,�1/05,�/121

Kdvhm*� J-� &0834(-� Sgd� qdrdZqbg� bdmsdq� enq� fqnto� cxmZlhbr� Zs�
LZrrZbgtrdssr� hmrshstsd� ne� sdbgmnknfx-� Rnbhnldsqx*� 7&1(*� 015“�
025-�gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-12/6.1674122

Khmr*�R-*�JqnlZs*�S-*�K©aadqr*�I-*�AdmkhZm*�@-*� �RtmxZdu*�@-�&1/11(-�
Vgx�cnm|s�xnt�inhm�hm;�@�sxonknfx�ne�hmenqlZshnm�rxrsdl�bdqsh,
ehbZshnm�Zcnosdqr-�Cdbhrhnm�Rbhdmbdr*�42&2(*�341“�374-�gssor9..cnh-
nqf.0/-0000.cdbh-01377

LZmgZqs*�O-*�Rtlldqr*�I-�J-*� �AkZbjgtqrs*�I-�&1/1/(-�@�ldsZ,�ZmZkxshb�
qduhdv�ne�rtookx�bgZhm�qhrj�lZmZfdldms9�@rrdrrhmf�ateedqhmf�
Zmc�aqhcfhmf�rsqZsdfhdr�Zmc�ehql�odqenqlZmbd-�IntqmWk�ne�Rtookx�
BgWhm� LWmWfdldms*� 45&2(*� 55“�76-� gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0000.
irbl-01108

LZmti*�H-*� �Ldmsydq*�I-�S-�&1//7(-�FknaZk�rtookx�bgZhm�qhrj�lZmZfd,
ldms-�IntqmWk�ne�Atrhmdrr�Jnfhrshbr*�18&0(*�022“�044-�gssor9..cnh-
nqf.0/-0//1.i-1047,�0481-1//7-sa///�61-w

LZqjlZm*�F-�C-*�FhZmhnchr*�O-�S-*� �Atbggnksy*�@-�J-�&1//8(-�EZbsnq,�
lZqjds� qhuZkqx-�:bWcdlx� ne� LWmWfdldms� Qduhdv*� 23&2(*� 312“�
330-�gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-4354.Zlq-1//8-3/521/61

LZsnontknr*�@-*� AZqqnr* @-�B-*� � uZm� cdq�Unqrs*� I-�F-�@-� I-� &1/04(-�
Qdrntqbd,�deehbhdms�rtookx�bgZhmr9�@�qdrdZqbg�eqZldvnqj*�khsdq,
Zstqd�qduhdv�Zmc�qdrdZqbg�ZfdmcZ-�Rtookx�BgWhm�LWmWfdldms9�
:m� HmsdqmWshnmWk� IntqmWk*� 1.&1(*� 107“�125-� gssor9..cnh-
nqf.0/-00/7.RBL,�/2,�1/03,�//8/

LbVhkkhZlr*�@-*�UZm�Ekdds*�C-�C-*� �Bnqx*�J-�C-�&1//1(-�QZhrhmf�qhuZkr|�
bnrsr�sgqntfg�onkhshbZk�rsqZsdfx9�@m�dwsdmrhnm�ne�qdrntqbd,�aZrdc�

21581592, 2023, 1, D
ow

nloaded from
https://onlinelibrary.w

iley.com
/doi/10.1111/jbl.12320 by Liberty U

niversity, W
iley O

nline Library on [20/09/2023]. See the Term
s and C

onditions (https://onlinelibrary.w
iley.com

/term
s-and-conditions) on W

iley O
nline Library for rules of use; O

A
articles are governed by the applicable C

reative C
om

m
ons License

� � � z� 046E@BSNQ�L@QJDS�QHU@KQX9�@�SGDNQX�NE�RBL

sgdnqx-�IntqmWk�ne�LWmWfdldms�Rstchdr*�28&4(*�6/6“�612-�gssor9..
cnh-nqf.0/-0000.0356,�5375-//2/7

Ldmsydq*�I-�S-�&1//7(-�Qhfnq�udqrtr�qdkduZmbd9�Vgx�vntkc�vd�bgnnrd�
nmkx�nmd;�IntqmWk�ne�Rtookx�BgWhm�LWmWfdldms*�33&1(*�61“�66-�
gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0000.i-0634,�382W-1//7-///47-w

Ldmsydq*�I-�S-*�CdVhss*�V-*�Jddakdq*�I-�R-*�Lhm*�R-*�Mhw*�M-�V-*�Rlhsg*�
B-�C-*� � YZbgZqhZ*� Y-�F-� &1//0(-�Cdehmhmf� rtookx� bgZhm�lZm,
Zfdldms-�IntqmWk�ne�Atrhmdrr�Jnfhrshbr*�11&1(*�0“�14-�gssor9..cnh-
nqf.0/-0//1.i-1047,�0481-1//0-sa///�/0-w

Lhkdr*�Q-�D-*� �Rmnv*�B-�B-�&0867(-�MqfWmhyWshnmWk�rsqWsdfx&�rsqtbstqd&�
Wmc�oqnbdrr-�LbFqZv,�Ghkk-

Lhm*� R-*� QnZsg*� @-� R-*� CZtfgdqsx*� O-� I-*� Fdmbgdu*� R-� D-*� Bgdm* G-*�
@qmcs*�@-�C-*� �Qhbgdx*�Q-�F-� &1//4(-�Rtookx�bgZhm�bnkkZanqZ,
shnm9�VgZs|r�gZoodmhmf;�Sgd�HmsdqmWshnmWk�IntqmWk�ne�Jnfhrshbr�
LWmWfdldms*� 05&1(*� 126“�145-� gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-00/7./8463�
/8/40�/523428

MZhq*�@-*�MZqZrhlgZm*�Q-*� �Bgnh*�S-�X-�&1//8(-�Rtookx�mdsvnqjr�Zr�Z�
bnlokdw�ZcZoshud�rxrsdl9�SnvZqc�rhltkZshnm,�aZrdc�sgdnqx�athkc,
hmf�nm�dunktshnmZqx�cdbhrhnm�lZjhmf-�Cdbhrhnm�Rbhdmbdr*�3.&3(*�
672“�704-�gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0000.i-043/,�4804-1//8-//140-w

MZhq*�@-*� �Qddc,�SrnbgZr*� E-� &1/08(-�Qduhrhshmf� sgd� bnlokdw� ZcZo,
shud� rxrsdlr� oZqZchfl9� KdZchmf� odqrodbshudr� enq� qdrdZqbghmf�
nodqZshnmr� Zmc� rtookx� bgZhm� lZmZfdldms� hrrtdr-� IntqmWk� ne�
ModqWshnmr�LWmWfdldms*�54&1(*�7/“�81-�gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0//1.
innl-0/11

MZhq*�@-*�XZm*�S-*�Qn*�X-�J-*�Njd*�@-*�Bghkdr*�S-�G-*� �Kdd*�R-�X-�&1/05(-�
Gnv� dmuhqnmldmsZk� hmmnuZshnmr� dldqfd� Zmc� oqnkhedqZsd� hm�
rtookx� mdsvnqjr9� @� bnlokdw� ZcZoshud� rxrsdlr� odqrodbshud-�
IntqmWk�ne�Rtookx�BgWhm�LWmWfdldms*�41&1(*�55“�75-�gssor9..cnh-
nqf.0/-0000.irbl-010/1

Mdkkhr*�R-*� �JkZxlZm*�A-�&1/10(-�T-R-�itcfd�cdmhdr�RsdkkWmshr�rtookhdq�
ahc�sn�bnlodk�bgho�rtookx�enq�iddo�okWms-�Qdtsdqr-�gssor9..vvv-
qdtsd�qr-bnl.atrhm�drr.Ztsnr�,�sqZmr�onqsZ�shnm.rsdkk�Zmshr�,�rtook�hdq,�
rddjr�,�bntqs�,�nqcdq�,�bnlod�k,�bgho,�rtook�x,�iddo,�okZms�,�1/10,�/3,�05.

NodmfZqs*� Q-*� QZkrsnm*� O-�L-*� � KdLZx*� R-� &1/07(-� KZanq�lZqjdsr9�
Oqdudmshmf� qhuZkqx� Zmc� lxnohZ� sgqntfg� GQL-� IntqmWk� ne�
MqfWmhyWshnmWk� Deedbshudmdrr9� Odnokd� Wmc� OdqenqlWmbd*� 4&3(*�
235“�25/-�gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-00/7.INDOO�,�/8,�1/07,�//60

OZtkqZi*� @-*� � Bgdm*� H-� I-� &1//6(-� DmuhqnmldmsZk� tmbdqsZhmsx�
Zmc� rsqZsdfhb� rtookx� lZmZfdldms9� @� qdrntqbd� cdodm,
cdmbd� odqrodbshud� Zmc� odqenqlZmbd� hlokhbZshnmr-� IntqmWk�
ne� Rtookx� BgWhm� LWmWfdldms*� 32&2(*� 18“�31-� gssor9..cnh-
nqf.0/-0000.i-0634,�382W-1//6-///22-w

Odmqnrd*� D- &0848(-� Sgd� sgdnqx� ne� sgd� fqnvsg� ne� sgd� ehql-� Nwenqc�
Tmhudqrhsx�Oqdrr-

Oedeedq*�I-*� �RZkZmbhj*�F-�Q-�&0867(-�Sgd�dwsdqmWk�bnmsqnk�ne�nqfWmhyW,
shnmr9�:�qdrntqbd�cdodmcdmbd�odqrodbshud-�GZqodq�Zmc�Qnv-

Onqsdq*�L-�D-� &087/(-�Bnlodshshud� rsqWsdfx9�Sdbgmhptdr� enq�WmWkxyhmf�
hmctrsqhdr�Wmc�bnlodshsnqr-�Eqdd�Oqdrr-

Otkkdr*� M-� I-*� UdkclZm*� I-*� Rbghdkd*� G-*� � RhdqjrlZ*� G-� &1/03(-�
Oqdrrtqd�nq�oZlodq;�Sgd�deedbsr�ne�onvdq�Zmc� sqtrs�chldm,
rhnmr� nm� rtookhdq� qdrntqbd� ZkknbZshnm-� IntqmWk� ne� Rtookx�
BgWhm� LWmWfdldms*� 4.&2(*� 05“�25-� gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0000.
irbl-01/38

QZkrsnm*�O-*�KdLZx*�R-*� �NodmfZqs*�Q-�&1/06(-�EZbsnq�lZqjds�lxnohZ9�
@�cqhudq�ne�eZbsnq�lZqjds�qhuZkqx-�SqWmronqsWshnm�IntqmWk*�45&1(*�
056“�072-�gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-4214.sqZmr�onqsZ�shnmi-45-1-/056

QZkrsnm*� O-� L-*� Jdkkdq*� R-� A-*� � FqZvd*� R-� I-� &1/1/(-� BnkkZanqZshud�
oqnbdrr� bnlodsdmbd� Zr� Zm� dmZakdq� ne� rtookx� bgZhm� bnkkZa,
nqZshnm� hm� bnlodshshud� dmuhqnmldmsr� Zmc� sgd� hloZbs� nm�

btrsnldq� Zbbntms�lZmZfdldms-�Sgd� HmsdqmWshnmWk� IntqmWk� ne�
Jnfhrshbr�LWmWfdldms*�20&3(*�8/4“�818-�gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-00/7.
HIKL,�00,�1/08,�/20/

QZkrsnm*�O-�L-*�RbgvhdsdqlZm*�L-�@-*� �Adkk*�I-�D-�&1/11(-�EZbsnq�lZq,
jds�qhuZkqx9�@�fdmdqZk�sgdnqx�ne�rtookx�bgZhm�lZmZfdldms-�Hm�
K-�AZkr*�K-�DkkqZl*� �V-�SZsd�&Dcr-(*�Hmsqnctbshnm�sn�sgd�gWmc,
annj�ne�sgdnqhdr�enq�otqbgWrhmf&�rtookx�bgWhm�Wmc�lWmWfdldms�
qdrdWqbg-�DcvZqc�DkfZq-

Qhbgdx*�Q-�F-*�QnZsg*�@-�R-*�Vghookd*�I- L-*� �EZvbdss*�R-�D-�&1/0/(-�
Dwoknqhmf� Z� fnudqmZmbd� sgdnqx� ne� rtookx� bgZhm� lZmZfd,
ldms9� AZqqhdqr� Zmc� eZbhkhsZsnqr� sn� hmsdfqZshnm-� IntqmWk� ne�
Atrhmdrr� Jnfhrshbr*� 20&0(*� 126“�145-� gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0//1.
i-1047,�0481-1/0/-sa//0�26-w

Qhbgdx*�Q-�F-*�CZtfgdqsx*�O-�I-*� �QnZsg*�@-�R-�&1//6(-�Ehql�sdbgmn,
knfhbZk� qdZchmdrr� Zmc� bnlokdldmsZqhsx9� BZoZahkhshdr� hloZbs,
hmf� knfhrshbr� rdquhbd� bnlodsdmbx� Zmc� odqenqlZmbd-� IntqmWk�
ne� Atrhmdrr� Jnfhrshbr*� 17&0(*� 084“�117-� gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0//1.
i-1047,�0481-1//6-sa//1�26-w

Qhbgdx*� Q-� F-*� � CZuhr,�RqZldj*� A-� &1/1/(-� Rtookx� bgZhm� lZmZfd,
ldms�Zmc�knfhrshbr9�@m�dchsnqhZk�ZooqnZbg�enq�Z�mdv�dqZ-�IntqmWk�
ne� Atrhmdrr� Jnfhrshbr*� 30&1(*� 8/“�82-� gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0000.
iak-01140

Qhbgdx*�Q-�F-*�QnZsg*�@-�R-*�@cZlr*�E-�F-*� �VhdkZmc*�@-� &1/11(-�@�
qdronmrhudmdrr� uhdv� ne� knfhrshbr� Zmc� rtookx� bgZhm� lZmZfd,
ldms-� IntqmWk� ne� Atrhmdrr� Jnfhrshbr*� 32&0(*� 51“�80-� gssor9..cnh-
nqf.0/-0000.iak-0118/

Qtrrn*� H-*� OdkkZsgx*� C-*� � NlZq*� @-� &1/10(-� LZmZfhmf� ntsrntqbdc
qdudqrd� rtookx� bgZhm� nodqZshnmr9� Lhcckd,�qZmfd� sgdnqx� cdudk,
noldms-� IntqmWk� ne� Rtookx� BgWhm�LWmWfdldms*� 46&3(*� 52“�74-�
gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0000.irbl-01133

Rbgldmmdq*� Q-� V-*� UZm� Vrrdmgnud*� K-*� Jdsnjhuh*� L-*� Gdxk*� I-*� �
Ktrbg*�Q-�E-�&1//8(-�Snn�ltbg�sgdnqx*�mns�dmntfg�tmcdqrsZmc,
hmf⋆-� IntqmWk� ne� ModqWshnmr� LWmWfdldms*� 16&4(*� 228“�232-�
gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0/05.i-inl-1//8-/6-//3

RbgvhdsdqlZm*�L-*� �Lhkkdq*�I-�&1/05(-�EZbsnq�lZqjds�qhuZkqx9�SnvZqc�
Zm� hmsdfqZsdc� tmcdqrsZmchmf� ne� ehql� Zbshnm-� SqWmronqsWshnm�
IntqmWk*� 44&0(*� 86“�012-� gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-4214.sqZmr�onqsZ�
shnmi-44-1-//86

Rgtlrjx*� S-� &1/00(-� Sdrshmf� sgdhq�ldsZkr-�Sgd�UWkk� Rsqdds� IntqmWk-�
gssor9..vvv-vri-bnl.Zqshb�kdr.RA0//�/0313�/4200�08/25�283/3�
46540�5/013�177/4/23

Rhlbgh,�Kduh*�C-*�OdqtuZmjZk*�I-�O-*�LtkZmh*�M-*�QdZc*�A-*� �EdqqdhqZ*�I-�
&1/01(-�Hr�hs�shld�sn�qdsghmj�xntq�lZmteZbstqhmf�rsqZsdfx;�LHS�
RknWm�LWmWfdldms�Qduhdv*�42&1(*�1/“�11-

Rncgh*�L-� R-*� �SZmf*�B-� R-� &1/10(-� Rtookx� bgZhm�lZmZfdldms� enq�
dwsqdld�bnmchshnmr9�QdrdZqbg�noonqstmhshdr-�IntqmWk�ne�Rtookx�
BgWhm� LWmWfdldms*� 46&0(*� 6“�05-� gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0000.
irbl-01144

RsZmj*�S-� O-*�CZtfgdqsx*� O-� I-*� �Dkkhmfdq*�@-�D-� &0888(-�LZqjdshmf.
knfhrshbr� hmsdfqZshnm� Zmc� ehql�odqenqlZmbd-�Sgd� HmsdqmWshnmWk�
IntqmWk� ne� Jnfhrshbr� LWmWfdldms*� 0.&0(*� 00“�13-� gssor9..cnh-
nqf.0/-00/7./8463�/8880�/7/48/4

RsZmj*� S-� O-*� Drodq*� S-� K-*� Bqnnj*� S-� Q-*� � @tsqx*� B-� V-� &1/01(-�
BqdZshmf� qdkduZms� uZktd� sgqntfg� cdlZmc,�rtookx� hmsdfqZ,
shnm-�IntqmWk�ne�Atrhmdrr�Jnfhrshbr*�22&1(*�056“�061-�gssor9..cnh-
nqf.0/-0000.i-////,�////-1/01-/0/38-w

RsZmj*�S-� O-*� Jdkkdq*� R-� A-*� �CZtfgdqsx*� O-� I-� &1//0(-� Rtookx� bgZhm�
bnkkZanqZshnm� Zmc� knfhrshbZk� rdquhbd� odqenqlZmbd-� IntqmWk�
ne� Atrhmdrr� Jnfhrshbr*� 11&0(*� 18“�37-� gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0//1.
i-1047,�0481-1//0-sa//0�47-w

21581592, 2023, 1, D
ow

nloaded from
https://onlinelibrary.w

iley.com
/doi/10.1111/jbl.12320 by Liberty U

niversity, W
iley O

nline Library on [20/09/2023]. See the Term
s and C

onditions (https://onlinelibrary.w
iley.com

/term
s-and-conditions) on W

iley O
nline Library for rules of use; O

A
articles are governed by the applicable C

reative C
om

m
ons License

047� z� � � Q@KRSNM�et�al-

RsZmj*�S-�O-*� OdkkZsgx*�C-�@-*� Hm*� I-*�Lnkkdmjnoe*�C-�@-*� �Adkk*� I-�D-�
&1/06(-� Mdv� eqnmshdqr� hm� knfhrshbr� qdrdZqbg9� Sgdnqhyhmf� Zs� sgd�
lhcckd�qZmfd-�IntqmWk�ne�Atrhmdrr�Jnfhrshbr*�27&0(*�5“�06-�gssor9..
cnh-nqf.0/-0000.iak-01040

SZ*� G-*� Drodq*� S-� K-*� Enqc*� J-*� � FZqbhZ,�CZrstfd*� R-� &1/07(-�
Sqtrsvnqsghmdrr�bgZmfd�Zmc�qdkZshnmrgho�bnmshmthsx�Zesdq�bnm,
sqZbs�aqdZbg�hm�ehmZmbhZk�rtookx�bgZhmr-�IntqmWk�ne�Rtookx�BgWhm�
LWmWfdldms*�43&3(*�31“�50-�gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0000.irbl-0107/

SZsd*�V-�K-*�Lnkkdmjnoe*�C-*� RsZmj*�S-*� �KZfn�cZ� RhkuZ*�@-� &1/04(-�
HmsdfqZshmf� rtookx� Zmc� cdlZmc-� LHS� RknWm� LWmWfdldms�
Qduhdv*�45&3(*�4“�07-

Sqdms*�Q-�&1//3(-�VgZs�dudqxnmd�mddcr�sn�jmnv�Zants�rtookx�bgZhm�
lZmZfdldms-�Rtookx�BgWhm�LWmWfdldms�Qduhdv*�7&1(*�41“�48-

UZm�cd�Udm*�@-�G-�&0878(-�Mnsghmf�hr�pthsd�rn�oqZbshbZk�Zr�Z�fnnc�sgd,
nqx-�:bWcdlx�ne�LWmWfdldms�Qduhdv*�03&3(*� 375“�378-�gssor9..
cnh-nqf.0/-4354.Zlq-0878-32/726/

UZtfgm*�J-�H-�&0887(-�:trsqhWm�dbnmnlhbr�hm�WldqhbW9�Sgd�lhfqWshnm�
ne�W�sqWchshnm-�BZlaqhcfd�Tmhudqrhsx�Oqdrr-

VZbjdq*� I-�F-� &1//7(-�@�bnmbdostZk�tmcdqrsZmchmf�ne� qdpthqdldmsr�
enq� sgdnqx,�athkchmf� qdrdZqbg9� Fthcdkhmdr� enq� rbhdmshehb� sgdnqx�
athkchmf-� IntqmWk� ne� Rtookx� BgWhm�LWmWfdldms*� 33&2(*� 4“�04-�
gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0000.i-0634,�382W-1//7-///51-w

VZkjdq*�N-*� �Qtdjdqs*�Q-�&0876(-�LZqjdshmf|r�qnkd�hm�sgd�hlokdldm,
sZshnm�ne�atrhmdrr�rsqZsdfhdr9�@�bqhshbZk�qduhdv�Zmc�bnmbdostZk�
eqZldvnqj-� IntqmWk� ne� LWqjdshmf*� 40&2(*� 04“�22-� gssor9..cnh-
nqf.0/-0066.//111�31876�/40//2/1

VZm*�W-*�Cqdrmdq*�L-*� �Dudqr*�O-�&1/07(-�Gnv�cn�cdkhudqx�uZqhdsx�cd,
bhrhnm�bnmsqhatsd�sn�rZkdr;�@m�dlohqhbZk�rstcx�nm�cdlZmc�Zmc�
rtookx�hmsdfqZshnm-�Cdbhrhnm�Rbhdmbdr*�38&5(*�0/13“�0/5/-�gssor9..
cnh-nqf.0/-0000.cdbh-012/0

VZmf*�V-*�Edmf*�K-*�Kh*�X-*�Wt*�E-*� �Cdmf*�P-� &1/1/(-�Qnkd�ne� eh,
mZmbhZk�kdZrhmf�hm�Z�bZohsZk,�bnmrsqZhmdc�rdquhbd�rtookx�bgZhm-�
SqWmronqsWshnm�QdrdWqbg�OWqs�D9�Jnfhrshbr�Wmc�SqWmronqsWshnm�
Qduhdv*� 032*� 0/1/86-� gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0/05.i-
sqd-1/1/-0/1/86

VZmf*�X-*�IhZ*�E-*�Rbgndmgdqq*�S-*�Fnmf*�X-*� �Bgdm*�K-�&1/1/(-�Bqnrr,�
anqcdq� D,�bnlldqbd� ehqlr� Zr� rtookx� bgZhm� hmsdfqZsnqr9� Sgd�
lZmZfdldms�ne�sgqdd�eknvr-�HmctrsqhWk�LWqjdshmf�LWmWfdldms*�
78*�61“�77-�gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0/05.i-hmclZ�qlZm-1/08-/8-//3

Vdqmdqedks*�A-� &0873(-�@� qdrntqbd,�aZrdc�uhdv�ne� sgd� ehql-�RsqWsdfhb�
LWmWfdldms� IntqmWk*� 4&1(*� 060“�07/-� gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0//1.
rli-314//�4/1/6

Vhdcldq*� Q-*� � Vghookd*� I-� L-� &1/11(-� Odqbdoshnmr� ne� qdrntqbd�
rbZqbhsx� hm� eZbsnq�lZqjdsr9�Sgd�deedbs�nm�lZmZfdqhZk�Zssdmshnm�
Zmc� bnkkZanqZshnm-� IntqmWk� ne� Atrhmdrr� Jnfhrshbr-� gssor9..cnh-
nqf.0/-0000.iak-01184

Vhdcldq*�Q-*�Vghookd*�I-�L-*�Fqheehr*�R-�D-*� �Unnqgddr*�B-�L-�&1/1/(-�
Qdrntqbd� rbZqbhsx� odqbdoshnmr� hm� rtookx� bgZhmr9�Sgd� deedbs� ne�
atxdq� Zksqthrl nm� sgd� oqnodmrhsx� enq� bnkkZanqZshnm-� IntqmWk�
ne� Rtookx� BgWhm� LWmWfdldms*� 45&3(*� 34“�53-� gssor9..cnh-
nqf.0/-0000.irbl-01131

Vhkgdkl*�L-*� �Rxcnv*�I-�&1/07(-�LZmZfhmf�bnnodshshnm�hm�rtookhdq�
mdsvnqjr� “�� Z� oZqcnw� odqrodbshud-� IntqmWk� ne� Rtookx� BgWhm�
LWmWfdldms*�43&2(*�11“�30-�gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0000.irbl-01056

XhlfZ*� I-*� � Fnqihcnny*� I-� &1/08(-� @hqkhmd� bncd,�rgZqhmf� Zmc� bZ,
oZbhsx� tshkhyZshnm9� Duhcdmbd� eqnl� sgd� TR� Zhqkhmd hmctr,
sqx-� SqWmronqsWshnm� IntqmWk*� 47&3(*� 17/“�2/7-� gssor9..cnh-
nqf.0/-4214.sqZmr�onqsZ�shnmi-47-3-/17/

YgZmf*�P-*� �BZn*�L-�&1/07(-�Dwoknqhmf�Zmsdbdcdmsr�ne�rtookx�bgZhm�
bnkkZanqZshnm9�Deedbsr�ne�btkstqd�Zmc�hmsdqnqfZmhyZshnmZk�rxrsdl�
ZooqnoqhZshnm-�HmsdqmWshnmWk�IntqmWk�ne�Oqnctbshnm�Dbnmnlhbr*�
084*�035“�046-�gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0/05.i-hiod-1/06-0/-/03

YgZn*�J-*�Ytn*�Y-*� �AkZbjgtqrs*�I-�U-�&1/08(-�Lncdkkhmf�rtookx�bgZhm�
ZcZosZshnm�enq�chrqtoshnmr9�@m�dlohqhbZkkx�fqntmcdc�bnlokdw�
ZcZoshud�rxrsdlr�ZooqnZbg-�IntqmWk�ne�ModqWshnmr�LWmWfdldms*�
54&1(*�08/“�101-�gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0//1.innl-0//8

Yhmm*�V-*� �Fnkcrax*�S-�I-�&1/06(-�Sgd�qnkd�ne�ZbZcdlhb�qdrdZqbg�hm�
rtookx�bgZhm�oqZbshbd9�Gnv�ltbg�Zqd�vd�bnmsqhatshmf;�IntqmWk�
ne� Atrhmdrr� Jnfhrshbr*� 27&3(*� 125“�126-� gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0000.
iak-01064

Yrhchrhm*�F-�@-*�DkkqZl*�K-�L-*�BZqsdq*�I-�Q-*� �BZuhmZsn*�I-�K-�&1//3(-�
@m�ZmZkxrhr�ne�rtookx qhrj�Zrrdrrldms�sdbgmhptdr-�HmsdqmWshnmWk�
IntqmWk� ne� OgxrhbWk� Chrsqhatshnm� Wmc� Jnfhrshbr� LWmWfdldms*�
23&4(*�286“�302-�gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-00/7./85//�/2/30�/434334

Yrhchrhm*�F-�@-*�OdsjnuZ*�A-*�RZtmcdqr*�K-�V-*� �Ahrrdkhmf*�L-�&1/05(-�
Hcdmshexhmf�Zmc�lZmZfhmf�rtookx�ptZkhsx�qhrj-�Sgd�HmsdqmWshnmWk�
IntqmWk� ne� Jnfhrshbr�LWmWfdldms*� 16&2(*� 8/7“�82/-� gssor9..cnh-
nqf.0/-00/7.HIKL,�/1,�1/04,�//32

21581592, 2023, 1, D
ow

nloaded from
https://onlinelibrary.w

iley.com
/doi/10.1111/jbl.12320 by Liberty U

niversity, W
iley O

nline Library on [20/09/2023]. See the Term
s and C

onditions (https://onlinelibrary.w
iley.com

/term
s-and-conditions) on W

iley O
nline Library for rules of use; O

A
articles are governed by the applicable C

reative C
om

m
ons License

� � � z� 048E@BSNQ�L@QJDS�QHU@KQX9�@�SGDNQX�NE�RBL

:TSGNP�AHNFP:OGHDR

Odsdq�L-�PYkrsnm�hr�Zm�@rrnbhZsd�Oqnedrrnq�ne�Rtookx�
BgZhm�LZmZfdldms�Zs� HnvZ�RsZsd�Tmhudqrhsx-�Ghr�oqh,
lZqx� qdrdZqbg� ZqdZr� Zqd� hmsdq,�nqfZmhyZshnmZk� rtookx�
bgZhm� qdkZshnmrghor� &d-f-*� rtookx� bgZhm� bnkkZanqZshnm�
Zmc�rtookx�bgZhm�hmsdfqZshnm(�Zmc�eZbsnq�lZqjds�qhuZkqx�
enbtrhmf� nm� gnv� ehqlr� bnlodsd� enq� mddcdc� rtookx,�
rhcd�qdrntqbdr-�Adenqd�otqrthmf�Zmc�dZqmhmf�ghr�Og-C-*�
Odsdq� vnqjdc� Zr� btrsnldq� rodbhZkhrs� Zmc� chrsqhatshnm�
bdmsdq�lZmZfdq� hm� sgd� bnrldshbr� Zmc� neehbd� oqnctbsr�
hmctrsqhdr-

LYssgdv� RbgvhdsdqlYm� hr� Zm� @rrhrsZms� Oqnedrrnq�
ne� Rtookx� BgZhm� LZmZfdldms� Zs� LhZlh� Tmhudqrhsx-�
Gd�bnlokdsdc�ghr�Og-C-�hm�Atrhmdrr�@clhmhrsqZshnm�Zs�
Nghn� RsZsd�Tmhudqrhsx-�Ghr� oqhlZqx� qdrdZqbg� hmsdqdrsr�
hmbktcd�btrsnldq�Zmc�rtookhdq�onqsenkhn�rsqtbstqd*�Zmc�
ehql� fqnvsg.chudqrhehbZshnm-� Adenqd� ghr� ZbZcdlhb� bZ,
qddq*�gd�gdkc�uZqhntr�onrhshnmr�vhsghm�knfhrshbr�Zmc�no,
dqZshnmr�lZmZfdldms-

Ingm� D-� Adkk� hr� sgd� Mhdcdqs� Dmcnvdc� Oqnedrrnq� ne�
Rtookx� BgZhm� LZmZfdldms� Zmc� CdoZqsldms� GdZc�
enq� Rtookx� BgZhm� LZmZfdldms� Zs� sgd� Tmhudqrhsx� ne�
Sdmmdrrdd-�Gd�gnkcr�Z�Og-C-�eqnl�@tatqm�Tmhudqrhsx*�
Zm�L-R�eqnl�sgd�@hq�Enqbd�Hmrshstsd�ne�Sdbgmnknfx*�Zmc�
Z�A-R-�eqnl�sgd�TR�@hq�Enqbd�@bZcdlx-�Ghr�qdrdZqbg�en,
btrdr�nm�knfhrshbr*�sqZmronqsZshnm�lZmZfdldms*�udghbkd�
qntshmf*�mZstqZk�qdrntqbd�rbZqbhsx�Zmc�rtrsZhmZakd�rto,
okx�bgZhm�rsqZsdfhdr-

KhrY� L-� DkkqYl*� Og-C-*� B-O-L-*� BL@*� Rbnq,�R� &dkk,
qZlkl?lhZlhng-dct(� hr� Tmhudqrhsx� Chrshmfthrgdc�
Oqnedrrnq� Zmc� sgd� Qddr� Chrshmfthrgdc� Oqnedrrnq� ne�
Rtookx� BgZhm� LZmZfdldms� Zs� sgd� EZqldq� Rbgnnk� ne�
Atrhmdrr*�LhZlh�Tmhudqrhsx� hm�Nwenqc*�NG-�Rgd� hr� hm,
sdqdrsdc�hm�rtookx�bgZhm�rtrsZhmZahkhsx*�atxdq“�rtookhdq�
hrrtdr*�sgdnqx�athkchmf�hm�rtookx�bgZhm*�neergnqhmf�Zmc�
ntsrntqbhmf� Zmc� rtookx� bgZhm� bnrs�lZmZfdldms-� Rgd�
gZr�sZtfgs.oqdrdmsdc�hm�lnqd�sgZm�2/�bntmsqhdr�nm�rhw�
bnmshmdmsr-

Gnv�sn�bhsd�sghr�Yqshbkd9 QZkrsnm*�O-�L-*�
RbgvhdsdqlZm*�L-*�Adkk*�I-�D-*� DkkqZl* K-�L-�&1/12(-�
Sgd�athkchmf�aknbjr�ne�Z�rtookx�bgZhm�lZmZfdldms�
sgdnqx9�Trhmf�eZbsnq�lZqjds�qhuZkqx�enq�rtookx�bgZhm�
sgdnqhyhmf-�IntqmWk�ne�Atrhmdrr�Jnfhrshbr*�33*�030“048-�
gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0000.iak-0121/

21581592, 2023, 1, D
ow

nloaded from
https://onlinelibrary.w

iley.com
/doi/10.1111/jbl.12320 by Liberty U

niversity, W
iley O

nline Library on [20/09/2023]. See the Term
s and C

onditions (https://onlinelibrary.w
iley.com

/term
s-and-conditions) on W

iley O
nline Library for rules of use; O

A
articles are governed by the applicable C

reative C
om

m
ons License

Still stressed from student homework?
Get quality assistance from academic writers!

Order your essay today and save 25% with the discount code LAVENDER