python programming

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0: Lab

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Turtle Review

Here are all of the turtle functions we have utilized so far in this course:

turtle.forward(distance) – Moves the turtle forward in the direction it is currently facing the distance
entered

turtle.backward(distance) – Same as forward but it moves in the opposite direction the turtle is facing

turtle.right(degrees) – Roates the turtle to the right by the degrees enteres

turtle.left(degrees) – Same as right, but it rotates the turtle to the left

turtle.pensize(size) – Adjusts the size of the line left by the turtle to whatever value is entered for size

turtle.home() – Moves the turtle to the default location and faces it to the right

turtle.clear() – Clears all the lines that were left by the turtle in the window.

turtle.penup() – Causes the turtle to stop leaving lines (until pen is placed back down)

turtle.pendown() – Places the pen back down to the turtle can continue leaving lines when forward and
backward are called.

turtle.pencolor(color string) – Changes the color of the lines left by the turtle to whatever color string
entered (so long as Python recognizes it).

turtle.bgcolor(color string) – Changes the background color for the window that the turtle draws in.

turtle.speed(new speed) – Changes the speed at which the turtle moves to whatever newSpeed is.

turtle.clearscreen() – Deletes all drawings and turtles from the screen, leaving it in its initial state

Note that abbreviations also exist for many of these functions; for example:

� turtle.fd(distance)

� turtle.rt(degrees)

� turtle.pu()

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Functions and Parameters

Here is the square function we looked at yesterday:

def square(side_length):
’’’
Draws a square given a numerical side_length
’’’
turtle.forward(side_length)
turtle.right(90)
turtle.forward(side_length)
turtle.right(90)
turtle.forward(side_length)
turtle.right(90)
turtle.forward(side_length)
turtle.right(90)
return

square(

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0) # This would give side_length the value of 50
square(100) # This would give side_length the value of 100

print side_length # This will give an error because side_length
# only exists inside the function!

Try it out:

(1 pt.) Create a new file called lab02.py. In this file, create a simple function called rhombus. It
will take one parameter, side length. Using this parameter, have your function create a rhombus
using turtle graphics. Call your rhombus function in the script. What happens if you provide no
arguments to the function? Two or three arguments?

Then, modify your rhombus function so it takes another argument for the angle inside the
rhombus.

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Data types

Python recognizes many different types of values when working with data. These can be numbers,
strings of characters, or even user defined objects. For the time being, however, were only going to
focus on three of the data types:

integer – These are whole numbers, both positive and negative. Examples are 5000, 0, and -25

float – These are numbers that are followed by a decimal point. Examples are 26.58, 0.0, and -1.23

string – These are a string of characters that include letters, punctuation, symbols, and “white-
space” characters. They are always surrounded by double quotes (”) or single quotes (’).
Examples are “Hello World!”, “!@#%#!” and “I like the number

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7”.

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It is important to know what type of values you are going to be working with when writing
code in Python. Let’s take our square example from above. We know what happens if we call the
square function using an integer, but what happens if we call it with a float or string?

Try it out:

(1 pt.) Copy this code for the square function above into your lab02.py. In the main function,
try calling this function and passing in an integer. Next, try to pass in a float (just replace the
integer value with a float, no need to call the function twice). Finally, try calling it by passing it a
string value. Now that youve seen the results of passing it a string, what happens if you pass the
square function the string “100”?

3.1 Operators and data types

In class we learned some useful operators:
+ addition
– subtraction
* multiplication
** power/exponent function
/ division
// integer division

How do these operators apply to different data types?

Try it out:

In your lab02.py, try each of these 6 operators on every combination of int, float, and string, and
write down in a comment whether the result is an integer, a float, a string, or an error. Also, take
note if anything unexpected happens.

There should be six combinations for each operator (int & int, int & float, int & string, float &
float, float & string, string & string), so you should have 36 lines of code at the end of this!

Do you see any patterns? Is there anything unexpected?
(2 pt.)

3.2 Converting between data types

Copy this program into a new, temporary script, and try it out. What do you expect it to do?
What does it do?

print “Enter first number: ”
num1 = raw_input()
print “Enter second number: ”
num2 = raw_input()
numsum = num1+num2
print “The sum is:” + numsum

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Now try this program. What do you expect it to do? What does it do?

print “Enter a number: ”
num1 = raw_input()
doublenum = num1 / 2
print “Half that number is:” + doublenum

And finally, try this program. What do you expect it to do? What does it do?

print “This one should be easy.”
four = 2 + 2
print “2 + 2 = ” + four

The problem: all three of these programs are mixing data types! Specifically, they’re trying to
combine strings and integers. When a user enters something for raw input, the result is a string,
not a number.

Fortunately, Python is able to convert between data types, using these three functions:

int() – convert the argument to an integer

str() – convert the argument to a string

float() – convert the argument to a float (decimal) number

Try this example code to get an idea of how these functions work:

x = 5
y = ’13’
print x + int(y)
print str(x) + y

Try it out:

(3 pt.) Fix all three of the short programs above so they have the desired behavior, and copy them
into your lab02.py.

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For loops

Functions are useful if we know we want to run some code a small amount of times. What happens
if we want to run it thirty times? A hundred times? If that happens, it would be a huge hassle
and waste of time to have to type out the function call thirty or a hundred times. We can use for
loops to easily run code a specific number of times.

Example:

for i in range():

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Using these loops, we only have to change the number in the range() function to alter the
number of times the code gets repeated, instead of having to type out or delete the code each time.
For instance, if we wanted to create a lot of triangles next to each other, we could create a triangle
function to use in a for loop.

Example:

for i in range(30):
triangle(50)
turtle.forward(50)

What happens if you change the 30 in the range function to other values positive integer values?
What about 0 or negative values? Floats?

Try it out:

(3 pt.) Create a “polygon” function that draws a polygon of any size, with any number of sides.
For example, the command “polygon(5, 11)” should draw a hendecagon with sides of length 5.

You may need to remember a bit of geometry for this; try making a triangle function, a
square function, a pentagon function, and see if you find a pattern. You’ll also need to use a for
loop in your code, since we don’t know how many sides the polygon will have until we run the code.

Then, modify your script so that it asks the user for a size and number of sides, then draws the
requested polygon.

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What to turn in

When you’re finished, submit your lab02.py file to the Lab 2 dropbox on D2L.

Total Points: 10 points possible

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Turtle Review
Functions and Parameters
Data types
Operators and data types
Converting between data types
For loops
What to turn in

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