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It has been argued that the roots of many of the current tensions in the Middle East and the Arab world can be traced to the events during and immediately after World War I (including the treaties that ended the war). Would you agree with this conclusion? Give specific examples. Based on your answer to this question, what advice would you give foreign policy officials in the U.S. today?
Consequences of the War in the 20th and 21st Centuries
Readings: Smith, et al., 904-913, 972-973, 1012-1014, 1045-1048
Versailles Treaty
Really five separate treaties but can think of them as Versailles Treaty
Two approaches:
Woodrow Wilson
Georges Clemenceau (French Premier)
Woodrow Wilson’s Approach
Fourteen Points
Guide to future peace
Open covenants of peace; openly arrived at
“National Self-Determination”
League of Nations
“The Peace to End All War”
Georges Clemenceau’s Approach
Punish Germany
Blamed Germany for the war
Disarm Germany
Demilitarize the Rhineland
Create buffer states in Eastern Europe
Make Germany pay for the war (“war reparations”)
Results of the Versailles Conference
Wilson got the League of Nations (but neither Germany nor USSR were in it)—US Senate vetoed entire Versailles Treaty.
Punish Germany:
Germany blamed for war
No Army
Alsace-Lorraine to France
Rhineland demilitarized
No Armaments Industry
Germany pays for War and Reparations (5 billion +)
National Self-Determination
Eastern Europe
Austria-Hungary is dismantled
Austria becomes small country
Czechoslovakia
Yugoslavia
Poland
Treaty of Trianon
Hungary becomes a very small state, losing much territory and a majority of the Hungarians
Romania (including large populations of Hungarians)
Prize: Ottoman Empire
England, France, Russia and Other Powers Seek Gains in Middle East
Gallipoli
Armenian Genocide
The Husayn-McMahon Agreement, 1915
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Middle East After Settlements
British Role:
Arab Revolts (Lawrence of Arabia)
Balfour Declaration
French Role:
Got Involved in Palestinian struggles to prevent British from getting all Middle East as new colonies
The Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916
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Treaty of Sevres, August 10, 1920
Mandates (another name for colonies to please President Wilson)
Jordon—mandate to British
Palestine—to British
Syria and Lebanon—French
Hijaz (Arab) independent
Attaturk and Turkish Nationalism
The Palestine Mandate
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Poster Urging Jews to Settle in Palestine
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Exodus
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UN Partition Plan of 1947
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David Ben Gurion Announcing the Birth of Israel
Young Israelis
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Palestine Refugee Camp, 1948
Palestinian Woman Watches as Her Home is Demolished
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Syria and Iraq Problems
Actual Below
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Syria is a nation that has long been a crossroads for the Middle East, from its occupation during the Crusades to its conquest by France after the downfall of the Ottoman Empire that lasted until WWII. Since the creation of Israel, Syria has been a constant enemy of the Jewish state, highlighted by Syria’s participation in the 1967 and 1973 Arab-Israeli wars. In 1967, Syria lost the Golan Heights to Israel, one reason why the Syrian government refuses to recognize Israel.
Associated Press © 2005
Associated Press Interactive
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Map of Present Day Iraq
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Ethnic and Religious Makeup of Iraq
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The Liberation of Kuwait
Kuwait, 1991
Burning oil fields, set ablaze by retreating Iraqis, provide an eerie backdrop to motorized U.S. troops participating in Operation Desert Storm, the high point of the Bush, Sr’s, presidency.
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The Sanctions Period (1991-2003)
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Colin Powell and WMD
In February 2003 U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell went before the UN General Assembly to convince the international community that Saddam Hussein was concealing chemical and biological weapons, and to request the approval of the Security Council to commence military action against Iraq. Here he holds up a vial of anthrax, a life threatening infectious disease reputed to be in the terrorist arsenal.
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Consequences of “Peace to End All War”
World War II
Arab-Israeli Conflict
Iraq-Iran War
Persian Gulf War
Bosnia, Kosovo, Serbian crisis
Al Queda – 9/11
Iraq War – 2003
Other Consequences
Ho Chi Minh – Vietnam War
May 4th Movement – Chinese Communism
T H E H L J h l A N COST OF H I S T O I i L
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Age of Anxiety and Uncertainty
Reading: Smith, et al., 913-921
Overview
World War I was really awful for most people
Technology had so transformed the face of the war that many things were called into question.
Even before the war, there was tension as people were asking questions and doubting that everything was so wonderful.
There was a crisis of modernity.
The idea that each generation was better off than the one before was questioned.
Modern Philosophy
Nietzsche (1844-1900)
Western civilization has emphasized rationality at the expense of passion and instinct.
Christianity glorified weakness, envy, and mediocrity
“God is dead”
Democracy isn’t working
Respectability stifles self-realization
People have no authenticity
Will to power
Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980)
Existentialism
God has nothing to do with giving life meaning.
Human beings simply exist.
There is no God to help them
There is no reason to help them.
“Man is forced to be free”
To be free, men and women must become engaged and choose actions correctly.
Human beings are responsible for their own behavior.
Became really popular after World War II, a war in which actions and consciousness induced men and women to either act courageously or abominably
Science foundation of Enlightenment, reason and progress.
At the end of the 19th century, scientists found atoms not hard, permanent little balls.
Atoms consists of many smaller fast-moving particles, including electrons and protons
Marie Curie (1867-1934) and her husband found that radium emits subatomic particles so it has no constant atomic weight.
Max Plank (1858-1947) found that subatomic energy is emitted from vibrating electron in uneven spurts or “quanta”. Calls into question old distinction of matter and energy.
He also called into question atoms as stable building blocks of nature
New Physics
Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
Light propagated through space in the form of particles (photons)
E=mc2
Special theory of relativity.
Time and space relative to the viewpoint of the observer
General theory of relativity
Newton’s universe three dimensional while Einstein’s universe four dimensional space-time continuity
Rutherford (1871-1937)
Showed atom could be split into smaller particles.
Crucial for subsequent development of atomic weapons
Werner Heisenberg (1901-1927)
“Principle of Uncertainty”
Instead of Newton’s certainties, we now have a physics based on tendencies and probabilities
Rutherford (1871-1937) and
Werner Heisenberg (1901-1927)
Freudian Psychology
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Interested in unconscious behavior
Theory of psychoanalysis
His conclusion was that human behavior is basically irrational, not rational behavior of Enlightenment thought.
Franz Kafka captured the sense of nightmarish 20th century world in The Metamorphosis, as well as others.
Oswald Spengler wrote Decline of the West which was the obituary of civilization.
Also two war novels were written:
Ernest Hemingway, A Farewell to Arms.
Erich Remarque, All Quiet on the Western Front
German expressionist films came out during this time period.
The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1919) which was trying to answer the question, “Is the director of the insane asylum himself an insane murderer?
Metropolis was about the madness of industrial capitalization.
Modern Literature and Modern Cinema
Modern Art–Overview
Camera invented in 19th Century.
Great images of U.S. Civil War—Matthew Brady’s photographs
Kodak personal camera introduced at the end of the century. Why paint realistic paintings if camera can better capture reality. No color photos yet.
Impressionism—French painters
French Painters
Claude Monet (1840-1926)
Camille Pissaro (1830-1903)
Auguste Renoir (1841-1919)
Their goal was to capture the overall picture of things by capturing light falling on the scene before their eyes.
Modern Artists
Painted what is in his mind
Increasingly form became more important than light
Paul Cezanne (1893-1906)
Henri Mattisse (1869-1954)
Pablo Picasso (1891-1973)
Cubism—all of these artists trying to capture in form inner essence of things not superficial “surface”
Cubism
Dali and Surrealism
Salvador Dali (1904-1989) was involved in Surrealism which exalted the irrational, the violent, and the absurd in human experiences
Dali and Surrealism
Western music tradition since the Renaissance “major-minor” system of tonality
New musicians began to explore polytonality.
Igor Stravinsky
Achieved effects through polytonality, dissonant harmonies, and percussive rhythms
Rites of Spring was a pre-World War I ballet which undermines common conventions of ballets with his jarring music. Dancers engaged in representation of reproduction
Extremely shocking when first performed in Paris in 1913. It became more popular after World War I
Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951) abandoned traditional harmony and tonality altogether and arranged the 12 notes of the scale in an abstract mathematical pattern, the “tone-row” which stresses disharmony
Modern Music
Bauhaus was an institution in Germany that brought together architects, designers, and painters.
Walter Gropius (1883-1969) was the first director of Bauhaus. He believed in functional designs, simplicity of shape, and lots of glass.
Implemented philosophy “form must follow function”
Influenced Swiss-French Architect, Le Corbusier
Modern Architecture
Global Impact
Europeans searched for non-Western inspiration.
Paul Gauguin (1848-1903) searched the South Pacific for unspoiled beauty and a primitive way of life.
Josephine Baker (1906-1975) was an African American who was a dancer, singer, entertainer who was popular in 1930s Paris
Jazz was the music from the American Blacks which combined gospels, African rhythms, and erotic blues. It was very popular in Europe.
More on Global Impact
Trinidad was where Calypso was a popular music. Songs about urban hunger, unemployment, and social upheaval.
Negritude Movement in France was closely connected to surrealists.
The Democratization of Desire
Radio
Hollywood
Shopping
Modernism
A word to collectively describe these common features of Western art and culture.
Form is emphasized at the expense of content.
A systematic and determined rejection of the classical models
Culture is increasingly global
The Democratization of Desire and Modernism
