2 Essays

ATTACHED EXsample of annotated bibliography. little massed up sorry. and audio atttached listen to it please.

The following video tutorials give a demonstration on how to use RefWorks, which is

a bibliographic management tool that can help writers keep articles organized and generate them in APA format, although the APA format will be imperfect in many cases. You will probably have to clean up the errors in references if you use RefWorks, but it is a way to begin organizing and citing sources.

The video tutorials were developed by Andy Cavanaugh, Director of the UMUC Writing Department.

Part I of the video tutorial is at the following URL:

Part II of the video tutorial is at the following URL:

ENGLISH HW

Hello, Class,

This week, we will begin working on the first draft of WA2 – the annotated bibliography. During the last two weeks, you’ve been locating articles in the library databases and writing a summary of those articles. It’s important to keep in mind that writing a summary is a different task than writing an analysis. In fact, writing a summary can be a bit more challenging because we are often inclined to elaborate on various perspectives. Therefore, in order to help you understand the objective of writing a descriptive summary of an article, please watch this
video
on how to write an annotated bibliography. The video is from UMUC’s Information and Library Services unit. After watching the video and gleaning the necessary information from it, you can begin to prepare your bibliography based on the articles that you will locate through the UMUC Library databases.

Assignment:

1. Begin searching the library databases for several scholarly articles that will be useful to your research. As a reminder, your objective is to locate articles that relate to the technological transformation theme that you’ve selected.

2. Write up a mini-annotated bibliography. For your mini-annotated bibliography, you will have the following:

a.
Three (3)
articles listed in alphabetical order.

b. A
descriptive summary
for each article, which should be minimum
100 words
. Please remember that you are asked to write a descriptive summary and not an analytical summary. The link to the video describes the difference between the two.

c. List each source using
APA
style.

d. Note: Your
three (3)
articles can be ones that will also be provided in your first draft of WA2.

3. When posting your response, please use the technological theme that you’ve chosen in the subject line.

4. As always, please provide generous feedback to
at least two (2
) of your classmates, offering any comments, observations and/or questions that you may have in response to the information provided in their descriptive summaries. This is an important part of the assignment as it will give you practice in critically analyzing sources during the research process.

Here is an example of how your mini-annotated bibliography should look:

Example

Evans, M., & Hopkins, D. (1988). School climate and the psychological state of the individual teacher as factors affecting the utilisation of educational ideas following an inservice course.British Educational Research Journal, 14(3), 211-230. .

This article illustrates…..(your descriptive summary of about 100 words would go here).

Leithwood, K. Montgomery, D, & Sage Publications, I. (1980, April). Evaluating program implementation. Evaluation Review, 4(2), 193-214.

This article discusses…..(your descriptive summary of about 100 words would go here).

Marsh, C. J. (1987). Implementation of a social studies curriculum in an Australian elementary school. Elementary School Journal, 87, 475-486.

This article reports on a research study…..(your descriptive summary of about 100 words would go here).

McKibbin, M., & Joyce, B. (1980). Psychological states and staff development. Theory Into Practice, 19(4), 248.

This article shows how …..(your descriptive summary of about 100 words would go here).

By the way, the link to the video also has a text-only transcript of the video, which you may want to print out. If you have any questions, please feel free to respond here.

Please note: This assignment requires you to list only three annotations; your annotated bibliography for WA2 will require 8-10 annotations. Please be sure to read the instructions provided in the Conference area for the full requirements of WA2, which is due in your Study Group folder on Sunday.

ESSAY 2

Hello, Class: Here are the instructions for WA2. Feel free to respond to this note with any questions or concerns about the assignment. I’ve also attached some brief audio comments about the assignment. Note: You will submit your first draft of WA2 in your Study Group folder by Sunday, June 23.

WRTG 291 – Writing Assignment #2: The Descriptive Annotated Bibliography

Writing Assignment #2 will be a descriptive annotated bibliography of 8-10 sources.

Courses that fulfill the General Education Requirements (GERs) at UMUC all have a common theme—technological transformations. In following this theme this semester in WRTG 291, we are examining various essays on some technological themes. In this annotated bibliography, you will continue this theme of technological transformations.

What is a Descriptive Annotated Bibliography?

In this assignment, you will find 8-10 articles on a theme. You will list each article in alphabetical order in APA format. In other words, you will list each on as an APA reference.

In addition,
each
reference will be followed by a short descriptive summary of
150-200 words
.

More instruction on writing a descriptive annotated bibliography is given in the following video tutorial:

http://www.umuc.edu/library/libhow/bibliography_tutorial.cfm

What do you mean by “a theme”?

In your response essay, you wrote a response to a set of essays from your custom textbook, Research Writing, that focused on one of the following themes:

a) How are online technologies changing the way we live?

b) How is technology changing our definition of what it means to be human?

c) What role should technology play in education?

For the annotated bibliography, you will pick one theme, preferably the same theme you picked for the response essay, among the three themes listed above. You will find sources that relate to that theme and will write your annotated bibliography on these sources. (Note: Your third writing assignment will require you to write a synthesis research paper on the same theme.)

Some Advice on Selecting Articles and Connecting Them to a Theme:
You can be creative in constructing your annotated bibliography on one of the three themes listed above.

For example, you might find 8-10 articles on the how the use of the Internet is changing research methods among college students. This topic is one that would fall under the first theme, “How are online technologies changing the way we live?” or the third theme, “What role should technology play in education?”

You might find 8-10 articles on the topic of whether one-on-one laptop programs in schools actually improve student learning. This topic, for example, is one that would fall under the third theme.

You might find 8-10 articles on the impact of the Internet on reading skills. This topic would fall under either the first theme or the third theme.

The second theme, “How is technology changing our definition of what it means to be human?” might be a bit more constraining. In following this theme, just to give an example, you might find 8-10 articles on various views of the definition of a human embryo as a result of emerging technologies in reproductive science. Or you might find 8-10 articles on emerging trends in cosmetic surgery.

You might explore a topic related to your major. For example, if you are a human resources management major, you might find 8-10 articles on how the use of information technology (IT) in the workplace affects the evaluation of worker performance. If you are a criminal justice major, you might find 8-10 articles on the impact of DNA technology on the field of criminal justice. If you are an English major, you might find 8-10 articles on how multimedia can be used to teach English literature. If you are a business management major, you might find 8-10 articles on the emergence of and significance of business intelligence technology. As you can see, all of these topics would relate to at least one of the three themes listed in the assignment.

Overall, the three themes leave room for flexibility. Keep in mind, overall, that you will be writing the annotated bibliography on a theme related to technology.

In addition, keep in mind that this assignment is designed to act as a step in the process of completing Writing Assignment #3, the synthesis essay. First, you will complete the annotated bibliography. Then, you will continue with your research and writing on this theme as you pursue writing assignment #3, the synthesis essay.

More Resources on Writing an Annotated Bibliography:
The following are some links to sample Annotated Bibliographies. Some of them give examples in APA format. You may want to observe these examples and perhaps model your work after them.

· A variety of samples from

The University of North Carolina Writing Center

, including these specific

examples of APA-style annotations

· A sample from

California Polytechnic.

· A couple of samples from

Cornell University

. The website also provides more information on the process of writing an annotated bibliography.

· A sample which, you may notice, is not in APA format but which shows the correct way to annotate from

UNC at Asheville

. Please follow the model annotation but not the model citation here.

· Some samples from

The University of Maryland College Park

. Again, this sample follows MLA style. Please follow the model annotation but not the model citation here.)

DUE DATE

 The first draft is due by 11:59 P.M. on June 23 and should be submitted in your Study Group folder. Please note: only your final draft of WA2 will be submitted in your Assignments folder.

 After you have submitted the first draft of WA2, your instructor will then provide feedback and suggestions for revising the final draft that you will submit for grading.

 While you are encouraged to revise and submit your final draft once you have received feedback from your instructor, you will have until July 21 to submit the final draft for grading.

 Please note: twenty (20) penalty points will be imposed on the final graded draft if a student fails to submit the required first draft.

HISTORY HW

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My Recording

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918076.9

Class,

Please review the attached annotated bibliography to see an example of the format that you are to use for WA2.

Please pay particular attention to the first page. If you have any questions, feel free to respond to this note.

Theresa

APA Annotated Bibliography (Haddad)

GendeR and Online COmmuniCatiOn 2

Source: Diana Hacker (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2008).

Running head: GendeR and Online COmmuniCatiOn 1

arman Haddad Professor andrews

Psychology 101

14 October XXXX

Patterns of Gender-Related differences in Online Communication: an annotated Bibliography

Bruckman, a. S. (1993). Gender swapping on the internet.

Proceedings of INET ’93. Retrieved from http://www.cc

.gatech.edu/elc/papers/bruckman/gender-swapping

-bruckman in this brief analysis, Bruckman investigates the perceptions of males and females in electronic environments. She argues that females (or those posing as females) receive an inordinate amount of unwanted sexual attention and offers of assistance from males. She also suggests that females (and sexually unthreatening males) are welcomed more willingly than dominant males into virtual communities. She concludes that behavior in electronic forums is an exaggerated reflection of gender stereotypes in real-life communication. the article is interesting and accessible, but it is quite old, and it relies almost entirely on quotations from four anonymous forum participants.

Crowston, C., & Kammerer, e. (1998). Communicative style and gender differences in computer-mediated communications. in B. ebo (ed.), Cyberghetto or cybertopia? Race, class, and gender on the Internet (pp. 185-203). Westport, Ct:

Praeger.

Marginal annotations indicate APA-style formatting and effective writing.

Source: Diana Hacker (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2008).

The header consists of a shortened title in all capital letters at the left margin and the page number at the right margin; on the title page only, the shortened title is preceded by the words “Running head” and a colon.

In APA style, each entry begins at the left margin; subsequent lines indent ½”.

The annotation begins on a new line and is indented ½”.

Summary is followed by a short evaluation of the source that notes its age and questionable research technique.

This paper follows the style guidelines in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed. (2010).

5/10

this brief study examines how the dominant communication style (masculine versus feminine) of an online discussion group affects men’s and women’s desire to participate. the findings, while limited, provide evidence that in fact both women and men were less interested in joining forums that were dominated by masculine-style

Haddad interprets the authors’ findings in relation to other sources in the bibliography.
Annotations are roughly three to seven sentences long.
A quotation from the author of the source captures the essay’s main point.

language. these findings seem to contradict the pronounced gender inequality found in the other sources in this bibliography.
Herring, S. C. (2003). Gender and power in on-line

communication. in J. Holmes & m. meyerhoff (eds.), The handbook of language and gender (pp. 202-228). Oxford, england: Blackwell.
Herring investigates empowerment opportunities for women online. She points out that, although more than half of Web users in the united States are women, men continue to dominate technical roles such as network administrators, programmers, and Web masters. even in anonymous online settings, males tend to dominate discussions. and online “anonymity,” argues Herring, may not really be possible:
Writing style and content give off cues about gender. Herring concludes that “the internet provides opportunities for both male and female users, but does not appear to alter societal gender stereotypes, nor has it (yet) redistributed

power at a fundamental level” (p. 219). the essay is well written and well researched, and it includes a long list of useful references.

Herring, S. C. (1994, June 27). Gender differences in computermediated communication: Bringing familiar baggage to the new frontier. address at the annual convention of the american library association, miami, Fl. Retrieved from http://www.cpsr.org/cpsr/gender/herring.txt

Herring asserts that men and women have different internet posting styles and that the difference typically results in online environments that are inhospitable toward women. Herring uses mainly personal experience and her own survey as evidence for her theories. this source is somewhat narrowly focused on the issues of netiquette and flaming, but the topic is deeply analyzed, and the author is careful to back up her claims with supporting evidence.

Jaffe, J. m., lee, Y., Huang, l., & Oshagan, H. (1999). Gender identification, interdependence, and pseudonyms in CmC: language patterns in an electronic conference.

The Information Society, 15, 221-234. doi:10.1080

/019722499128385 this study examines the male and female communication patterns in two CmC (computer-mediated communication) environments: one that used real names and one that used pseudonyms. the authors found that women are more likely than men to disguise their gender when given the opportunity and to display patterns of “social interdependence” (such as self-references and references to previous posts) in their language. in addition, when using pseudonyms, men are more likely to show social

Haddad includes both positive and negative comments about the source.

If an online source has a DOI (digital object identifier), no URL is given.

Double-spacing is used throughout, with no extra space between entries and no extra space between entries and their annotations.

The writer found additional information about the source (the genders of the authors) by conducting an online search.

URL for the journal’s home page is provided for an online source.

interdependence than they are in real-name groups. this excellent source is fairly recent, documents a scientific study, and includes many references. the composition of the team of authors—two males and two females—suggests they were seeking gender balance among themselves to avoid bias.

Savicki, V., & Kelley, m. (2000). Computer mediated communication: Gender and group composition.

CyberPsychology & Behavior, 3, 817-826.

the goal of this study was to examine rigorously the question of whether men and women communicate differently online. the authors found context variables such as gender composition, task type, and expectations of group etiquette to be major factors in shaping online communication styles. the communication patterns that arise in female-only discussion groups, for example, are quite different from those in male-only groups. and differences between both female and male communication styles are far less pronounced in mixed-gender groups. the authors are clear and thorough in documenting their carefully planned and executed experiments.

Savicki, V., lingenfelter, d., & Kelley, m. (1996). Gender language style and group composition in internet discussion groups. Journal of ComputerMediated Communication, 2(3). Retrieved from http://jcmc.indiana.edu/

the authors examined the effects of gender composition on group communications online. after defining “masculine” and “feminine” communication styles, the

authors find evidence—with some cautions—for their theories that (1) the higher the proportion of males in the group, the more masculine the communication style, and (2) the higher the proportion of females in the group, the more feminine the communication style. However, the authors did not study any groups that had a majority of women, and in some cases groups had a higher number of unknown gender participants than of women. the underrepresentation of women, along with the study’s age, diminishes this source’s credibility.

Soukup, C. (1999). the gendered interactional patterns of computer-mediated chatrooms: a critical ethnographic study.

The Information Society, 15, 169-176. doi:10.1080

/019722499128475 the author participated in two chatrooms (a sports forum and a “female-based” forum) for eight months and observed discourse styles. He focused not on the “physiological sex” of participants but on their “gendered discourse”—the feminine versus masculine quality of their language and interactions. From his observations and examples of online chatting, the author found “stereotypical and traditional” patterns: in both forums, masculine styles of discourse (“aggressive, argumentative, and power oriented”) dominated the feminine discourse (based on “cooperation, emotionality, and relationship building”). in particular, the female forum was dominated by masculine discourse when participants with male screen names or personas entered the space. although intriguing, the findings of this small-scale, uncontrolled study are not definitive.

thomson, R., & murachver, t. (2001). Predicting gender from electronic discourse. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40,

193-208. Retrieved from http://www.bpsjournals.co.uk

/journals/bjsp/ in three experiments, the authors tested their assumptions about male and female communication in online settings. they found that, as with face-toface communication, men and women have identifiable differences in their online language style. they note that the individual differences are small but that, when they are taken as a whole, clear male/female patterns emerge. they also note that humans are very sensitive to minor variables in language style and can make accurate predictions as to whether an anonymous communication was written by a male or a female. this report uses dense, scientific language, but it provides strong evidence to support the theory that there is a real, identifiable gender difference in online communication.

Witmer, d. F., & Katzman, S. l. (1997). On-line smiles: does gender make a difference in the use of graphic accents? Journal of ComputerMediated Communication, 2(4). Retrieved from http://jcmc.indiana.edu/

the authors began with three hypotheses about online communication: that women use more emoticons than men, that men use more challenging language than women, and

that men flame more often than women do. Only the first was supported by evidence from more than 2,500 e-mail messages. as for why their other hypotheses were not supported, the authors speculate that women may be more likely to use male communication styles online than in person and that the women in this study, being mostly in technology and academia, are not representative of all women. this article does not elaborate on the methodology or results of the experiment, so the findings seem less credible than those of other studies.

Evaluating and Ci

ting Sources Weeks 3-8

Developing skills to evaluate online and print sources will help you become a savvy information user

Evaluating resources used in research:

The Internet is a vast repository of information not managed by any one group.

Because of

issues surrounding the use of electronic information– copyright, online identities, commercial sites selling products and plagiarism– their complexity in areas critical to scholarship have increased. In order to use information from sources effectively, a critical understanding of source material is needed. It is a skill that requires patience, and an understanding of the various elements that help determine reliable information. Having criteria to assist with selecting (sourcing) information will help develop your own knowledge base when selecting from the vast stores of information available in today’s information environment.

·
Selection of scholarly resources is an important step in preparing a coherent written or oral research presentation.

Criteria
are used to determine the value of databases to your topic. Academic research requires that a critical evaluation of the information based on:

) source-who provided the information, is it unbiased, what is the reputation of the information provider; 2) timeliness-how current is the information and have you looked at results over time; 3) content-how closely the information matches your particular topic; 4) integrity-relative size of the juried titles contained in the content that need to be applied as you develop your research;

) depth of collection-is the level appropriate for the course or topic at hand.

The elements listed below are those that will help determine if you should include the ideas, concepts or data into your own research:

Content: How closely does the subject being searched match the selected topic? You want articles that say something directly related to your topic. Do you think the information is accurate, or are there errors or contradictions between this article and what you know or have studied elsewhere?

Timeliness: How current is the journal/document or book titles?

Objectivity: Is the information/data free of bias? Does the information present contrasting viewpoints? Does it compare and contrast different ideas, methods, or data?

Frequency of updates: Is the information up-to-date, or has new evidence on the topic been published?

Reputation of the information provider: Who is providing the sources of information? Is it a commercial web site, or is the information provider a reputable government agency or educational institution or research agency?

Identifying sources
:

Extensions on URL’s determine what type of organization is presenting the information. They can indicate whether the information is from a scholarly source or whether it is from a commercial site. Look at the following examples that indicate the origin of the source:

Example of an educational institution (an edu):

http://www.mit.edu

Example of a government agency (a .gov):

http://www.ncis.gov

Example of a commercial web site (a .com):

http://www.abcmarine.com

Recognizing when to cite a source: Academic Integrity in Research

Academic Integrity is a code of conduct that upholds the standards of honesty, ethics, and social responsibility. Research is the process of reading and analyzing the work or others and then forming your own conclusions based on the evidence presented. Once you have collected enough literature for scholarly sources, you will need to manage the information in such a way that you do not violate any rules or copyright, plagiarism, misuse of electronic information, fabrication or cheating.

Copyright law is one reason why a significant part of scholarly information is not available on the web. Copyright legally protects authors and publishers legally from having their works used or sold by someone else. These works are property in the same way a car you buy is your property. If everything was available on the web without cost, authors, artists, publishers and other producers would not make money. Universities pay for access to scholarly databases and the right to have students access full text journals, and other works, thereby balancing the owner’s right to revenue and the scholars need to learn.

Plagiarism

is taking the work of another person, without giving credit (attribution) to the originator of the work, and passing on the work as your own. Plagiarism is usually caused by:

1. Copying and pasting from a web site or online database

2. Downloading sections of someone else’s work from the Internet

3. Copying directly from a printed work

t citing a work that you use accurately

Violations of plagiarism or cheating are considered serious offences and may result in a range of penalties that lead to a range of disciplinary actions, including lower grades, notations on transcripts, and suspension or expulsion from the university with notations that appear in transcripts.

Tips to avoid plagiarism:

Document items you use by taking notes specifically of the author, title and name and date of the article and database used so you can refer to it later. There are tools to help you manage your notes/citations and sources. These will be discussed in “Additional Citation Aids” below.

· Attribute the complete reference (citation) as soon as you put it into your assignment or research

· Explain the significance of someone else’s work to what you are reporting

· After quoting an author, use quotation marks

· Use the works of others only to support your own ideas

· Keep careful records of all written materials or data you have used

· Download online material, along with the source, in case it becomes unavailable at a later time. Lack of availability of the source for your citations does not excuse plagiarism.

Why to cite:

When in doubt, cite. Usually, if you knew a piece of information before you began your research, you do not need to credit the source; those familiar with your area of research will also know basic information and issues surrounding your topic. However, these rules vary depending on the discipline or the context of your research. In general, you should provide sufficient information, not only to credit the source, but also to lead your readers to these materials. Your goal is to provide your readers with enough information to assist them in reading or viewing your sources as well as to comply with copyright laws and ethical methods. Citations can be located within the text or at the end of the text depending on the nature of the research you are doing and/or requirements of the professor or publisher.

APA Citations:

First, we will examine the types of information you need to cite. For many assignments, you will need to recognize the difference between
primary
and
secondary
sources. These sources may be either scholarly works or popular titles.

In general, a primary source is a first-hand account. A newspaper is an example of a primary source. Diaries, scientific experiments and autobiographical materials are other primary sources of information as are works or art, films, performances and speeches. Primary sources can also be maps, clothing, photographs, original artifacts, such as those in museums, and census data. For example, if Thinkingwoman and Wishfulman published an article on research they had done on adult learners in 1

99, they would be the primary authors and their work would be a primary source. If, in 2

00, Second & Chance used results (data) from the original work to report on the impact of virtual universities, the work of Second and Chance would be a secondary source. It is more advisable to use primary sources in a case such as this, but they may not be available. When you cite the source, it must be for the source you actually use.

A biography also is a secondary source since it uses primary source information to record its information to comment or interpret second hand. An article or book about something such as art, historical or current news events are examples of secondary sources. Textbooks and reference sources, such as encyclopedias, are also secondary sources.

Whether a source is considered primary or secondary may depend on what subject is being researched. For example, if you were studying changes in the critical reception of Mozart’s operas over time, then reviews of the operas would be a primary source for your work. You might use older editions of the
Encyclopedia Britannica
as a primary source to study past perceptions and portrayals of non-European cultures. If you have any doubts about whether a source should be considered primary or secondary in terms of your assignment, please discuss them with your instructor.

Examples:

Primary Source Secondary Source

Diary of Lowell Mill Girl Article on a Lowell Mill Girl

Photographs of Greenland Ice Article on Greenland Ice Melt

APA Style Manual:

The APA style manual format is required for preparation and presentation of the learning outcomes in each course. The official web sites for the APA style manuals are:

http://apastyle.apa.org/pubmanual.html

http://apastyle.apa.org/elecmedia.html

) (for electronic publications)

American Psychological Association. (2002). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. (5th Ed.). Washington: American Psychological Association.

Perrin, Robert (2007). Pocket Guide to APA Style. (2nd ed.) New York: Houghton Mifflin Co.

Parts of a Citation:

Below are examples of APA citations from various publications: both print and electronic materials. It is important that the elements of author, title, publication or source; date; publisher if available; and place of publication, if available, be noted. The important of attributing someone else’s work helps avoid any accusation of plagiarism.

Each style format you see in the bibliographies of scholarly articles requires basically the same information; however, each style format organizes placement in slightly different ways and with different requirements for punctuation.

Citing Print Resources in APA Format

Book citations

Oversee, E. & Shoulder, M. (2007). Citation Styles: An every line analyzer. New York: Ourpress.

Book Chapter

Tin, M & Lion, C. (1936). To Oz: Journey through the poppy field. In Toto, D. & Dorothy, E. (Eds.) My Fabulous Fantasy. (pp. 1-24). Wind, IO: Cornfield Press.

Multiple authors should be listed in the order given on the title page of the book.

If an editor or organization is given but not author(s), begin with the editor’s name followed by (Ed.) or by the Organization Name as it is given in the text.

Journal Citations

Page, Continuous A. (2001) Trauma and confusion: treatments. Trauma Treatment Monthly, 156, 101-109.

Journal Article with Separate Paging:

In this type of journal, each numbered issue begins with page 1, even if there is only one volume/year.

Page, Separate B. (2002) More Trauma and Treatments. Trauma Treatment Monthly, 157 (1), 1-100.

Note that the titles are in italics and all major words in the titles are in capital letters. If an edition is not the first, or is it is a revised edition, enclose the description of the edition in parentheses following the title.

Citing Electronic Sources:

For Internet sources, some citation elements appear differently. For example, page information is important when citing books and articles. However, web “pages” may not be numbered or be numbered differently than their print counterparts. Basically you need the same information as you do for print plus the web address and the Digital Object Identifier if available.

If the article you are citing contains volume and issue numbers for a journal article or time for a DVD, include that information.

Rules may vary for articles you find in your scholarly full text data bases. Recently APA added a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) as a citation element requirement. While not all databases include a DOI, if you have an article that provides it, use it in your citation.

Dates may be hard to locate. Look on the bottom of the last page of the article to see if a date or revision date is given; n.d. indicates no date.

Authorship of Web pages is may be difficult to determine. The author is responsible for the intellectual content of the page and there may be a statement of responsibility by a person or an organization (who is considered the author). If you can not determine who wrote the work, the article should be considered suspect. One way to determine who is generating the web site is to go to your search engine, such as Google, and type in “Who is”. This will give you an indication, sometimes, of who is responsible for the information. This problem does not exist if you use scholarly databases provided to you be a scholarly institution.

Look for a copyright statement. It is usually at the bottom of the page. The web masters or site designers are not responsible for intellectual content.

If no author can be determined, omit that element and begin your citation with the title.

Cite the address (URL) of the database with no added punctuation or spacing and break only after a slash mark. It is permissible, and advisable, to copy and past a URL directly into a document.

Web pages are highly volatile and disappear quickly. Print or keep a copy for later reference.

Examples:

Article from a database:

Nip, P. E., & Tuck, E. (2007). Animal Identification. Journal of Contemporary Horsemanship, 12(103), 21-2. doi: 15.1557/23878765500127658113.

Nip, P. E., & Tuck, E. (2007). Animal Identification. Journal of Contemporary Horsemanship, 12(103), 21-25. Retrieved December 1, 2007 from Academic Search Complete.

E-Mail Messages

These messages should be cited only in the text of a paper and not included in the references. Usually, unless the person is an authority on the topic, i.e. Dr. Paul Nurse, these references are not considered scholarly.

Dr. Paul Nurse (personal communication, August 23, 2007) stated that the human genome program had made several important discoveries in the last 2 years.

Citing Postings and Other Messages:

Some online discussions are synchronous and take place in real-time (such as IM or chat) while others are asynchronous (you can read messages and reply whenever convenient). These citations should have scholarly value and meet the criteria above if you elect to use them. They must also be retrievable by someone else.

Farah, B. D. (12 July 2007). Information gurus lead the way. Message posted to ACRL electronic mailing list, archived at: http://bucket.acrl.org/llist/2007-July/001234l.html.

Citing Multimedia:

Non-text resources found online often do not list the elements of their text counterparts. Audio, video and photographic images often have attributes such as author and title missing. Present as much information as possible about the location from which you retrieved the material in order to help the reader locate the source. Use screen names, usernames, file names, and date of access whenever you can locate them.

Citing images:

=xaXa. (1996, July 1). West Virginia rapids [Image]. Photograph retrieved from http://www.nga.org/photos/xaXa/111111111/

Citing Video:

BBCAmerica. (2003, Jan. 1). New

Year

’s

Day

Gala [Video file]. Video posed to http://www.youtube.com/see?a=Z20H2400ME

Citing Audio:

Imus, Don D. (2007, Summer). What is Zen? [Audio file] University Nevada, Los Vegas. Podcast retrieved from Dumbledorf‘s Woghorts.

Tools for citing sources:

Scholarly databases have links to help with citation formatting and attributing (providing) the elements that are required in APA format. Once you save a record (article) from the database, select the citation format and copy and paste the citation into the list of references, endnotes, footnotes or bibliography. You will need to make adjustments depending on where in your paper you are citing a work (footnote as opposed to bibliography). You will need also to check the formatting as it has been found to be inaccurate at times.

Son of Citation Machine is a free online tool for creating citations in APA, MLA and Chicago styles. Once you select your style, type in the required information for the citation and press the button, your citation will display in your selected style. This citation can be cut and pasted to your document.

Office 2007 offers citation assistance in the Word program. You can go to the tab entitled “References) on the tool bar and select the citation format you want. Highlight the elements you want formatted for you and your citation should appear. If you want a footnote at the bottom of the page, rather than a bibliographic citation for the end of a paper, you will need to use the “insert” function in Word.

Always check against the APA style manual for accuracy when using online tools for citation assistance.

Please note: APA citation links:

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/08/

http://www.uwsp.edu/psych/apa4b.htm#IIG

http://www styles.com/archive/apacrib

http://support.library.ewu.

edu/reference/tutorial/flash/citation.html

Many thanks to Barbara Farah for the shape of this discussion.

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